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Anatomy > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

What are some different shapes that the fascicles can be organized into?

A

circular, parallel, convergent, and pennate

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2
Q

What do the arrangement of fascicles influence?

A

ROM and power of a muscle

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3
Q

Most movements are coordinated by several skeletal muscles, do they work in groups or individually?

A

Groups

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4
Q

Most skeletal muscles are arranged in opposing pairs at joint, the opposing force is called the

A

antagonistic

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5
Q

A muscle that causes a desired action is referred to as the

A

primer mover (agonist)

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6
Q

The one that produces the opposite action is called the

A

antagonist

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7
Q

What is the name for the muscle that steadies a movement that prevents unwanted movements and helps the prime mover function more efficiently

A

synergists

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8
Q

Some synergists muscles in a group also act as ________, which stabilize the origin of the prime power so it can act more efficiently

A

fixators

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9
Q

_____ of muscles provide information about the muscle; like location, shape, relative size of the muscle, direction of the fascicles and muscle fibers, location of attachments, number of origins, and actions

A

Name

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10
Q

How many muscles are in the human body?

A

600+

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11
Q

What kind of connective tissue divides the limb muscles into compartments

A

dense fibrous CT

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12
Q

What are the pairs of two muscles of opposing action called

A

agonist/antagonist pairs

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13
Q

A single named ______ usually innervates each compartment

A

nerve

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14
Q

what are the 2 compartments of the upper limb

A

anterior and posterior

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15
Q

what are the 3 compartments of the thigh

A

anterior, posterior, and medial

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16
Q

What are the 3 compartments of the leg

A

anterior, posterior, and lateral

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17
Q

______ anatomy is the study of external landmarks of the body and of the internal
structures that may be observed or palpated through the body surface.

A

surface

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18
Q

How can muscles of the head and neck be grouped?

A

muscles of facial expression, muscles of chewing and swallowing, and muscles that move the head as a whole

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19
Q

_______ muscles are responsible for facial expressions

A

facial

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20
Q

what layer do facial muscles lie in?

A

subcutaneous layer

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21
Q

Face bones originate in the fascia or skull bones and insert where?

A

on the skin

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22
Q

Because of facial muscle insertions, they move the skin rather than the ______

A

joint

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23
Q

The levator palpebrae superioris that raises the upper eyelid is innervated by the oculomotor nerve which is what

A

CN III

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24
Q
  1. The two muscles of the scalp are connected to each other by the epicranial aponeurosis (galea aponeurotica); they are often called the ____________ or occipitofrontalis muscle:
A

epicranius

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25
Q

Which muscle raises the eyebrows

A

frontalis

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26
Q

What does the occipitalis do?

A

retracts the scalp

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27
Q

What does the orbicularis do (circles the eye)

A

closes the eye in blinking, squinting, and sleep

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28
Q

What does the levator palpebrae superioris do?

A

elevates the upper eyelid to open the eye

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29
Q

What does the corrugator supercilli do and what is it a common site for?

A

draws eyebrows together “frown” , common site for botox

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30
Q

what does the orbicularis oris do?

A

closes the mouth, puckers the lips (kissing)

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31
Q

what is the difference between the zygomatic major and minor muscle?

A

zygomatic minor = snarl
zygomatic major = smile (pull mouth upward -> laughing)

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32
Q

The buccinator forms the muscular portion of the _______, this compresses against the teeth (hold food)

A

cheek

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33
Q

What are some of the functions of the buccinator

A

whistling, blowing, sucking, and chewing

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34
Q

The ______ is a large sheet of muscle in the cervical and mental region

A

platysma

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35
Q

what facial expression does the platysma make?

A

horror or suprise (draws lip lower and opens mouth wide)

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36
Q

The extrinsic eye muscles are the 6 muscles attached to the walls of the orbit and to the external surface of the eyeball; they _____ the eye

A

move

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37
Q

6 eye muscles: ____ rectus muscles and ____ oblique muscles

A

4 rectus muscles and 2 oblique muscles

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38
Q

what are the 3 muscles that move the eye laterally?

A

lateral rectus, inferior oblique, superior oblique

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39
Q

lateral rectus

A

moves eye laterally

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40
Q

medial rectus

A

moves eye medially

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41
Q

superior rectus

A

elevates eye and turns it medially

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42
Q

inferior rectus

A

depresses eye and turns it medially

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43
Q

inferior oblique

A

elevates eye and turns it laterally

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44
Q

superior oblique

A

depresses eye and turns it laterally

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45
Q

T or F: Muscles of chewing and swallowing may contribute to facial expression, but are primarily concerned with the manipulation of food.

A

True

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46
Q

What are the functions of the temporalis

A

elevates, retracts, L and M mandible movement

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47
Q

What does the masseter do?

A

elevates the mandible w/ smaller roles in protraction, retraction, and excursion

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48
Q

is the masseter or the temporalis the primary mover of jaw closure

A

masseter

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49
Q

What is the main difference between the lateral and medial pterygoid?

A

lateral pterygoid = depresses and protracts mandible
medial pterygoid = elevates and protracts mandible

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50
Q

Muscles that move the head as a whole originate on the vertebral column, thoracic cage, and pectoral girdle, and insert on the cranial bones; a particular muscle may cause a _________ movement of the head (toward the side opposite that of the muscle) or an __________ movement (toward the same side as that of the muscle)

A

contralateral, ipsilateral

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51
Q

The flexors of the neck include 4 muscles, which is the prime mover

A

sternocleidomastoid (SCM)

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52
Q

sternocleidomastoid, when used unilaterally, turns the head from side to side contralaterally; when used bilaterally, it draws the head forward and ______.

A

down

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53
Q

The extensors of the neck are located mainly in the ______ region and tend to hold the head erect or draw it back

A

nuchal

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54
Q

What muscle holds up the head and neck

A

trapezius

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55
Q

What does the trapezius do to the scapula

A

stabilizes, raises, retracts, and rotates scapula

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56
Q

The splenius capitis produces ipsilateral flexion when acting unilaterally and ______ the head when acting bilaterally.

A

extend

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57
Q

The splenius capitis has an antogonistic relationship with which muscle

A

SCM

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58
Q

the main role of the splenius capitis is

A

extension

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59
Q

what are the 3 main categorizes for muscles of the trunk

A

respiration, support abdominal and pelvic floor, and mvmt of vertebral column

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60
Q

the muscles involved in _______ include those that enclose the thoracic cavity: the diaphragm; external intercostal muscles; and internal intercostal muscles

A

respiration

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61
Q

The diaphragm is the prime mover of _________ (responsible for 2/3 of air intake) DOME

A

inspiration

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62
Q

What is the main difference between the external intercostals and internal intercostals

A

external intercostals = pull ribs together to ELEVATE ribcage
internal intercostals = draw ribs together DEPRESS ribcage

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63
Q

What are the 3 muscle layers that enclose the lateral abdominal region

A

2 oblique and 1 transverse

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64
Q

The tendons of the oblique and transverse muscles are __________ —broad fibrous sheets.

A

aponeuroses

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65
Q

At the rectus abdominis, these sheets diverge and pass around its anterior and posterior sides, enclosing the muscle in the rectus _______

A

sheath

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66
Q

These sheets meet again at a median line called the ______ ______, between the paired rectus muscles.

A

linea alba

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67
Q

Another line, the linea _________, marks the lateral boundary where the rectus sheath meets the aponeurosis

A

semilunaris

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68
Q

The aponeurosis of the external oblique also forms a cordlike _________ ligament at its inferior margin.

A

inguinal

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69
Q

What is the function of the external abdominal oblique

A

supports abdominal viscera against gravity, stabilizes the vertebral column, maintain posture, compresses abdominal organs

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70
Q

external abdominal oblique: Unilateral contraction causes _________ rotation of the waist.

A

contralateral

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71
Q

The internal abdominal oblique has the same action except that unilateral contraction causes ________ rotation

A

ispilateral

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72
Q

The transverse abdominal compresses abdominal contents but does it contribute to movement?

A

No

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73
Q

The pair of rectus abdominis muscles are divided into segments by three transverse tendinous segments that give the abdomen a “_____ _____” appearance in physically fit individuals.

A

“six pack”

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74
Q

The rectus abdominis FLEXES the lumbar region of the vertebral column, producing

A

forward bending at the waist

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75
Q

muscles of the back primarily _______, rotate, and laterally flex the vertebral column.

A

extend

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76
Q

What are the 2 most prominent superficial back muscles that are concerned with upper limb movement

A

latissimus dorsi and trapezius

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77
Q

Which deep muscle, as it ascends divides the upper lumbar region into 3 parallel columns (run longitudinal)

A

erector spinae

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78
Q

What does the erector spinae do

A

EXTENSION and lateral flexion

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79
Q

what are the layers from lateral to medial

A

iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis = erector spinae

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80
Q

Muscles of the pelvic floor include ____ layers that span the pelvic outlet and support the viscera.

A

3 layers

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81
Q

what muscle is usually tweaked in older adults

A

quadratus lumborum (flexes)

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82
Q

The floor of the pelvic cavity is penetrated by the anal canal, urethra, and vagina, which open into a diamond-shaped region between the thighs called the _________

A

perineum

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83
Q

T or F: 2. The perineum is bordered by four bony landmarks: the pubic symphysis (anterior), the coccyx (posterior), and the two ischial tuberosities (lateral)

A

True

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84
Q
  1. The anterior half of the perineum is the _________ triangle, and the posterior half is the _______ triangle.
A

urogenital triangle
anal triangle

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85
Q

what are the 2 muscles in the superficial perineal space

A

ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus

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86
Q

Function of the ischiocavernosus

A

Retards venous drainage and maintains erection of penis or clitoris

87
Q

What is the function of the bulbospongiosus

A

empties male urethra, assistor in erection of penis/clitoris

88
Q

who is the main man in an errection?

A

ischiocavernosus

89
Q
  1. The deepest compartment, the pelvic diaphragm, consists of two muscle pairs…
A

the levator ani and the coccygeus

90
Q

what 3 muscles make up the levator ani?

A

iliococcygeus, pubococcygeus, and puborectalis

91
Q

what is the main function of the levator ani

A

supports and maintains position of pelvic viscera, prevents flow when coughing but lifts anal canal to poop

92
Q

in what circumstances does the levator ani stretch?

A

pregnancy/obesity

93
Q

The _________ aids the levator ani, pulls coccyx forward when pushed back by defecation/childbirth

A

coccygeus

94
Q

The limb muscles are organized into spaces called muscle compartments separated by _______ that contain one or more functionally related muscles along with nerve and blood supplies.

A

fasciae

95
Q

T or F: The upper limb has anterior and posterior compartments, while the lower limb has anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral compartments.

A

True

96
Q

These compartments are separated by the interosseous membranes of the forearm and leg and by thick fasciae called ________ ______

A

intermuscular septa

97
Q

Thinner fascia subdivide the muscle groups into ________ and deep layers.

A

superficial

98
Q

T or F: Muscles acting on the pectoral girdle originate on the axial skeleton and insert on the clavicle and scapula.

A

True

99
Q

what are the 2 major muscles of the anterior group

A

pectoralis minor and serratus anterior

100
Q

What does the pectoralis minor do?

A

pulls scap laterally and forward

101
Q

The serratus anterior, with the pectoralis minor, draws the scapula _______ and ________ around the chest wall

A

laterally and forward

102
Q

what is the serratus anterior the prime mover for?

A

PUNCHING: forward reaching and pushing acrions “the boxers muscle”

103
Q

The major muscles of the _______ group are the trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboideus minor, and rhomboideus mjor (the rhomboids)

A

posterior

104
Q

Functions of the trapezius

A

stabilizes, raises, retracts, and rotates the scapula

105
Q

Function of the levator scapulae

A

elevates and retracts scap, flexes neck

106
Q

what movement is the levator scapulae known for

A

shrugging the shoulders

107
Q

What do the rhomboids do?

A

Retract and stabilize the scapula

108
Q

what movements are the rhomboids best known for

A

squaring the shoulders

109
Q

Muscles acting on the arm consist of nine muscles that cross the shoulder joint and insert on the ___________

A

humerus

110
Q

What 2 arm muscles are considered axial muscles and the prime movers of the shoulder joint

A

pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi

111
Q

what are the functions of the pectoralis major

A

flexes, adducts, and medially rotates

112
Q

What are the functions of the latissimus dorsi

A

adduction and medially rotate, extends shoulder joint

113
Q

what activity is a great example of the function of the latissimus dorsi?

A

climbing - backward swing of arm, pulls body forward and upward in climbing

114
Q

what muscle supports prolonged, forceful expiration as in singing or blowing a note on a wind instrument

A

latissimus dorsi

115
Q

what muscle caps the shoulder and is the most conspicuous (visible) muscle

A

the deltoid

116
Q

what about the breakdown of the direction of fibers in the deltoid such as anterior, lateral, and posterior fibers

A

anterior = medially rotate
lateral = abduct
posterior = laterally rotate

117
Q

What does the acronym for the muscles of the rotator cuff and names?

A

SITS: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis

118
Q

The first three muscles lie on the posterior side of the scapula; the fourth, the _________ occupies the subscapular fossa on the anterior surface of the scapula.

A

subscapularis

119
Q

Which SITS muscle lies above the scapular spine

A

supraspinatus

120
Q

What are the functions of the supraspinatus?

A

aids deltoid in abduction

121
Q

What does the supraspinatus do when you are carrying weight or relaxed?

A

resists downward slippage of the humeral head

122
Q

Which muscle is inferior to the supraspinatus and the largest of the rotator cuff on the posterior side?

A

infraspinatus

123
Q

what does the infraspinatus do?

A

modulate the action of the deltoid, prevent humeral head from sliding upward, and rotates humerus laterally

124
Q

what are the functions of the teres MINOR?

A

modulates action of deltoid, prevents humeral head from sliding upward during abduction and rotates the humerus laterally

125
Q

what rotator cuff muscle occupies the subscapular fossa on the anterior surface of the scapula, between the scapula and ribs

A

subscapularis

126
Q

what are the functions of the subscapularis?

A

modulates action of the deltoid, preventing humeral head from sliding upward during abduction, and rotates the humerus medially (bc it is anterior)

127
Q

T or F: The muscles acting on the forearm have bellies found in both the arm and the forearm itself

A

True

128
Q

What are the 4 motions that the elbow and forearm capable of?

A

flexion, extension, pronation, and supination

129
Q

Muscles with bellies in the arm (brachium) include the two elbow flexors in the anterior compartment (_______ and __________) and the elbow extender in the posterior compartment (triceps brachii).

A

brachialis and biceps brachii

130
Q

What is the prime mover of elbow FLEXION?

A

brachialis

131
Q

How many heads does the bicep branchii have?

A

2

132
Q

What is the bicep brachii responsible for?

A

rapid/forceful supination of the forearm

133
Q

what function does the biceps brachii act in synergy with

A

elbow flexion

134
Q

How many heads does the tricep brachii have?

A

3 heads

135
Q

What is the prime mover of elbow EXTENSION

A

triceps brachii, also adducts the humerus

136
Q

Most muscles with bellies in the forearm (antebrachium) act on the wrist and hand, but two are synergists in elbow _______ and three of them function in pronation and supination.

A

flexion

137
Q

What does the brachioradialis do?

A

flexes the elbow

138
Q

What is the prime mover of forearm PRONATION?

A

pronator quadratus

139
Q

what else does the pronator quadratus do -> what does it resist?

A

resists separation of radius and ulna when force is applied

140
Q

The pronator teres assist the pronator quadratus in pronation, but only in what cases

A

only in rapid or forceful action (and weakly flexes the elbow)

141
Q

what does the supinator do (if you miss this you are stupid)

A

supinates the forearm

142
Q

Muscles acting on the wrist and hand include extrinsic muscles in the forearm and intrinsic muscles in the ______ itself

A

hand

143
Q

The action of the extrinsic muscles is mainly ______ of the wrist and digits

A

flexion

144
Q

what are some other actions of the extrinsic muscles?

A

radial and ulnar flexion, finger abduction and addiction, and thumb opposition

145
Q

T or F: Many of them act on the metacarpophalangeal joints and the interphalangeal joints; some tendons cross multiple joints

A

True

146
Q

Most tendons of the extrinsic muscles pass under a fibrous sheath called the ______ __________ on the anterior side of the wrist or the extensor retinaculum on the posterior side;

A

extensor retinaculum

147
Q

the _______ _______ is a tight space between the flexor retinaculum and carpal bones.

A

carpal tunnel

148
Q

Fascia divide the forearm muscles into anterior and posterior compartments, each of which are further divided into _________ and ______ layers.

A

superficial and deep

149
Q

The anterior compartment, superficial layer, these muscles have the function of

A

flexion

150
Q

What does the flexor carpi radialis do?

A

flexes the wrist anteriorly, aids in radial flexion of the wrist

151
Q

what muscle may absent in some individuals? what percentage of people have it missing?

A

palmaris longus, 14% dont have it

152
Q

How can you tell if you have a palmaris longus?

A

flex wrist and see if medial tendon pops up

153
Q

what is the function of the palmaris longus

A

tenses the skin and fascia of the palm

154
Q

what is the function of the flexor carpi ulnaris

A

flexes wrist anteriorly, aids in ulnar flexion of the wrist

155
Q

what all doe the flexor digitorum superficialis flex?

A

wrist, metacarpophalangeal, and interphalangeal joints

156
Q

which fingers specifically does the flexor digitorum superficialis flex

A

flexes 2nd to 5th fingers

157
Q

The posterior compartment, superficial layer, provides the action of

A

extension

158
Q

what does the extensor carpi radialis longus do?

A

extends the wrist, aids in radial flexion of the wrist

159
Q

what does the extensor carpi radialis brevis do?

A

extends the wrist, aids in radial flexion of the wrist

160
Q

What does the extensor digitorum do?

A

extends the wrist, metacarpophalangeal, and interphalageal joints, spread digits apart.

161
Q

what is the function of the extensor carpi ulnaris

A

extends and fixes the wrist, aids in ulnar flexion

162
Q

why may the extensor carpi ulnaris be beneficial in fighting?

A

fixes the wrist when the first is clenched or hand grips

163
Q

The largest muscles are found in the _____ limb.

A

lower

164
Q

T or F: They can be grouped into those that act on the femur and hip joint, those that act on the leg and knee joint, extrinsic (leg) muscles that act on the foot and ankle joint, and intrinsic (foot) muscles that act on the arches and toes

A

True

165
Q

The anterior muscles of the hip are the _______ and the ______ _______, collectively termed the iliopsoas. They share a common tendon to the femur.

A

iliacus and psoas major

166
Q

what does the iliacus do, when trunk and. thigh are fixed

A

trunk fixed: flexes thigh
thigh fixed: flexes trunk (balances trunk during sitting)

167
Q

does the psoas major have the same actions as the iliacus?

A

yes

168
Q

what is included in the lateral and posterior muscles

A

tensor fasciae latae (TFL) and 3 gluteal muscles

169
Q

What does the tensor fasciae latae do?

A

extend the knee, L and M rotates the tibia, aids in abduction

169
Q

the tensor fasciae latae steadies the pelvis and femur during ________

A

standing

169
Q

what activities use the gluteus maximus which extends the thigh

A

stair climbing or running/walking

170
Q

the gluteus maximus also adducts the thigh, what does it do to the trunk?

A

elevates the trunk and holds it errect

170
Q

what does the gluteus maximus do to the femur

A

stabilizes the femur on the tibia

170
Q

what do the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus do?

A

Abduct and medially rotate the thigh

171
Q

what do the gluteus medius and minimus do during walking?

A

shift the weight of the trunk toward the planted limb when other foot is lifted

172
Q

how do the lateral rotators oppose the action of the gluteus medius and minimus

A
  • lateral rotators = lateral
  • medial rotators = glut med and min (OPP)
173
Q

What does the piriformis do?

A

laterally rotates the extended thigh, abducts the flexed thigh

174
Q

what muscles are included in the medial (adductor) compartment

A

adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, gracilis

175
Q

main function of the adductor brevis

A

adduct the thigh

176
Q

what does the adductor longus do?

A

adducts and medially rotates the thigh

177
Q

if the adductor longus and adductor magnus both adduct and medially rotate, what makes them different

A

A longus = flexes thigh at hip
A Magnus = extends thigh at hip

178
Q

iii. All of the adductors except the adductor _______ originate both anterior and inferior to the hip, so they are flexors, adductors and medial rotators of the thigh at the hip.

A

magnus

179
Q

which adductor is the largest

A

adductor magnus

180
Q

When an athlete pulls a groin muscle, he or she has torn one of the ________ muscle

A

adductor

181
Q

what does the gracilis muscle do?

A

(intermost) flexes and medially rotates

182
Q

The anterior (extensor) compartment of the thigh contains the quadriceps femoris, which is the prime mover of knee __________ and the most powerful muscle in the body.

A

extension

183
Q

this compartment also includes the longest muscle in the body, what is it?

A

sartorius (tailors muscle)

184
Q

Which muscle extends the knee, flexes the thigh at the hip, and flexes the trunk on the hip if the thigh is fixed

A

rectus femoris

185
Q

which muscle extends the knee and retains the patella in the groove on the femur during knee movements

A

vastus lateralis

186
Q

which muscle also has the same action as the vastus lateralis?

A

vastus medialis

187
Q

what is the primary function of the vastus intermedius

A

extends the knee

188
Q

The sartorius aids in knee/hip flexion; it abducts and laterally rotates the thigh -> what activities is this helpful for?

A

sitting or climbing

189
Q

The posterior (flexor) compartment of the thigh contains three muscles colloquially known as the ____________ muscles.

A

hamstring (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus)

190
Q

What does the bicep femoris do?

A

flexion at knee, extension & LR at hip

191
Q

what action does the biceps femoris counteract?

A

bending at the hips

192
Q

what are the functions of the semitendinosus and semimembranosus (they are the same)

A

flexion at knee, extension and medial rotation at hip

193
Q

The posterior compartment of the leg contains one muscle that acts on the knee, the ____________; the others act on the ankle and foot.

A

popliteus

194
Q

what does the popliteus do when sitting down (femur fixed) vs standing up (tibia fixed)

A

sitting down (femur fixed) = rotates tib medially
standing up (tibia fixed) = rotates tib laterally

195
Q

the popliteus _____ the knee to allow flexion, prevents dislocation during crouching

A

unlocks

196
Q

what is the big name for muscles acting on the foot

A

crural muscles

197
Q

The fasciae separate the crural muscles into _______, _________, and __________ compartments;

A

anterior, posterior, and lateral

198
Q

which muscle extends the toes, dorsiflexes the foot, and tightens the plantar aponeurosis

A

extensor digitorum longus

199
Q

which muscle extends the big toe and dorisflexes the foot?

A

extensor hallicus longus

200
Q

which muscle DF and inverts the foot, resists backward tipping of the body, and helps support the medial longitudinal arch of the foot

A

tibialis anterior

201
Q

the flexor of the foor are located in the _______ region

A

sural

202
Q

The first two, the gastrocnemius and the soleus, are collectively known as the _______ _______ and insert on the calcaneus via the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon.

A

tricep surae

203
Q

which muscle PF the foot, flexes the knee, and is active in walking, running, jumping (most superficial)

A

gastrocnemius

204
Q

which muscle also plantar flexes the foot and steadies the leg on the ankle during standing (deeper)

A

soleus

205
Q

The flexor hallucis longus has the same actions as the flexor digitorum longus, but for the ______ toe

A

big

206
Q

which muscle inverts the foot and may assist in strong plantar flexion or control pronation of the foot during walking

A

tibialis posterior

207
Q

what two muscles are in the lateral compartment

A

fibularis (peroneus) brevis and fibularis (peroneus) longus

208
Q

which muscle maintains the concavity of the sole during toe-off and tiptoeing, and may evert the foot and limit inversion and help to steady the leg on the foot

A

fibularis (peroneus) brevis

209
Q

which muscle maintains concavity of the sole during toe-off and tiptoeing, and everts and plantar flexes the foot

A

fibularis (peroneus) longus

210
Q

The many intrinsic muscles of the foot help to support the _______ and act on the toes.

A

arches

Anatomy (9 decks)

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