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Pathophysiology > Urinary > Flashcards

Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

Among other things, the urinary system regulates BP through…. , secretes …. and activates ….

A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
erythropoietin
vitamin D

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2
Q

What two structures make up the nehpron?

A

renal corpuscle

renal tubule

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3
Q

Renal corpuscle does what? It is made up of 2 things?

Renal tubule is made up of what three things?

A

filtration unit of blood
glomerulus and bowmans capsule

proximal convoluted tubules, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubules

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4
Q

Starlings law for filtration says…

A

amount of fluid filtered across capillary is proportional to net filtration pressure (which is a combo of fluid’s hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure)

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5
Q

GFR=
This is the ….. of kidney function.
Calculated from amount of …. in 24 hour urine or by using special markers intravenously.
Determined by 3 things….

A 
glomerular filtration rate
volume of plasma filtered through glomerular capillary wall per unit of time. 
best estimation 
waste product (creatinine) 
glomerular hydrostatic pressure (mainly)
glomerular osmotic pressure
bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure
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6
Q

GFR is controlled by BP in … and … arterioles of the glomerulus. It is regulated by … and …. of arterioles.

Maintenance of normal filtration is possible …. in systemic BP.

A

afferent and efferent
constriction and dilation

regardless of fluctuations

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7
Q

3 factors control arteriolar constriction

A

renal autoregulation
sympathetic nervous system
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

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8
Q

Renal autoregulation is the local reflex to adjust ….

This happens in response to changes in ….

A

diameter of arterioles

blood flow in kidneys

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9
Q

Sympathetic nervous system increases…. in both arterioles.
This is in response to ….

A

vasoconstriction

BP drop due to loss of ECF volume

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10
Q

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is aimed at …

A

increasing BP and blood flow

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11
Q

Renin is secreted by …. cells in response to…

A

juxtaglomerular cells

reduced blood flow to afferent arteriole

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12
Q

Aldosterone is secreted from …. stimulated by ….

It increases ….

A

adrenal cortex
angiotensin II
reabsorption of sodium and water to increase BV

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13
Q

ADH is secreted by …

It increases…

A

pituitary gland

reabsorption of water in distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts by altering their permeability

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14
Q

ANP is made by …

It reduces…

A

atrium

sodium and fluid reabsorption in distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts

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15
Q

Cloudy urine may indicate …
Dark color may indicate…
Unpleasant or unusual color may indicate..

A

presence of large amounts of protein, bacteria and pus

hematuria, excessive bilirubin or highly concentrated urine

infection or result from certain dietary components or medication

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16
Q

Small amts of blood in urine can be from…

Large amts can be from..

A

infection, inflammation, tumors

increased glomerular permeability or hemorrhage

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17
Q

Urinary casts consist of …

They indicate…

A

tubules, cells, bacteria

inflammation of kidney tubules

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18
Q

Specific gravity indicates …

If there is low specific gravity=

A

ability of tubules to concentrate urine

dilute urine with normal hydration could mean renal failure

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19
Q

Glucose and ketones in urine is found when..

A

diabetes mellitus is not well controlled

20
Q

Blood tests look at … and … for kidney function.

A

urea (BUN) and creatinine

21
Q

Elevated levels of urea and creatinine indicate …

due to …

A

failure to excrete nitrogen wastes (azotemia)

decreased GFR

22
Q

Creatinine is a breakdown of …. from muscles.
It is produces … in the body.
It is a ….molecule.
… and …. in tubules or from capillaries into tubules is negligent.

A 
creatine
constantly
small
reabsorption
secretion
23
Q

GFR cannot be measured …..
For approximation …. is measured.
Measured elimination of …. corresponds to GFR.

A

directly
elimination of a substance
of such substance

24
Q

Creatinine clearance and GFR is a ratio of

A

creatinine level in urine vs blood

25
Other blood tests for kidney function...
``` elevated renin levels low hemoglobin low pH, low bicarbonate electrolytes antibody levels ```
26
When there are low renin levels this indicates.... When there is low hemoglobin this indicates... When there is low pH and/or bicarbonate this indicates... and means the body has gone into ....
kidney as cause of HBP anemia, decreased erythropoietin secretion failure of tubules to control acid-base balance metabolic acidosis
27
Electrolytes may .... indicating retention of water or they may ... indicating inability to reabsorb water.
decrease | increase
28
Antibody levels measure which two? | They are used for diagnosis of ...
anti -streptolysin O or anti-streptokinase titers post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
29
Cystoscopy
visualizes lower urinary tract may be used in performing biopsy may be used to remove kidney stones
30
Causes of decrease in GFR can be due to damage of .... by ....of glomerular basement membrane leading to scarring. This scarring can be from .... Basement membrane can also be scarred in the ... which is called. ...
``` surface area available for filtration thickening diabetic glomerulosclerosis renal corpuscle focal segmental glomerulosclerosis ```
31
Causes of decrease in GFR can also be due to reduction in ... This decline happens much more rapidly in people with .... due to ... Protein in the filtrate causes ... and ... in renal tubules with subsequent nephron loss.
number of nephrons chronic kidney failure proteinuria inflammation and scarring
32
Examples of upper UTIs? Lower UTIs? Common cause
pyelonephritis cystitis urethritis E. coli
33
In cystitis the .... and ... are inflamed.
bladder wall and urethra
34
In pyelonephritis the infection in the bladder or urethra goes to .... ... and ... are involved. Purulent exudate fills the ... which .... Recurrent or chronic infection can lead to ... and .... Eventual chronic renal failure if untreated.
``` kidney Renal pelvis and medulla (tubules) renal pelvis obstructs vessels and urine scar tissue formation and tubule function ```
35
Stones anywhere in urinary tract is called.
urolithiasis
36
Glomerulonephritis form...
acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis | APSGN
37
APSGN affects ... Occurs... Presence of what antibodies? Hypersensitivity number..
``` children 3-7 2 weeks after strep throat anti-streptolysin O anti-streptokinase 3 ```
38
Nephrotic syndrome is secondary to ... and ...
renal diseases | systemic diseases
39
Pathophysiology of nephrotic syndrome: abnormality in glomerular capillaries leads to .... Which causes large amounts of ...... to escape in filtrate. So .... is formed with decreased plasma osmotic pressure. There will be increased ... in response to reduction in blood volume. .....will occur.
``` increased permeability plasma proteins hypoalbuminemia aldosterone lipiduria ```
40
PKD (polycystic kidney disease) is a .... mutation.
autosomal dominant
41
PKD in children is a .... mutation.
recessive
42
Acute renal failure due to
acute bilateral kidney diseases severe, prolonged circulatory shock or heart failure nephrotoxins mechanical obstruction
43
Acute renal failure is ... while chronic is not.
reversible
44
In the early phase of chronic renal failure, there is .... and no.... In the second phase there is .... called .... where BUN and creatinine is increased. This phase also is not .... End stage is called .... and is severe enough to cause symptoms.
``` decreased renal reserve symptoms renal insufficiency azotemia severe enough to cause symptoms uremia (urea in blood) ```
45
Two forms of dialysis
hemodialysis | peritoneal dialysis

Pathophysiology (20 decks)

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