Blood Flashcards
1
Q
Hematocrit definition
A
percent by volume of RBCs
2
Q
Hematocrit indicates…
A
viscosity
3
Q
Hematocrit …with dehydration
A
increases
4
Q
Hematocrit … with blood loss.
A
decreases
5
Q
Plasma definition
A
blood without cells
6
Q
Serum definition
A
plasma w/o fibrinogen
7
Q
Hematopoiesis starts with what kind of cells?
A
pluripotent stem cells
8
Q
Pluripotent stem cells divide into what two cells?
A
myeloid, lymphoid
9
Q
Myeloid and lymphoid stem cells divide into…
A
blast cells
10
Q
Myeloid cells become… and lymphoid cells become…
A
RBCs and most WBC’s
Lymphocytes
11
Q
Stem cells become other cells by ….
A
colony stimulating factors
12
Q
RBC’s develop from ….when they are mature they are….they contain… the production is made by… in….oxygen. Production and maturation depends on…
A
erythropoietin (CSF) anucleated hemoglobin kidney low iron, B12, B6, B9
13
Q
Hemboglobin structure
A
tetramer
made of 4 globins and 4 hemes
14
Q
Hemoglobin binds what compounds?
A
O2
CO2 (Small amount)
CO
15
Q
O2 binds to what in hemoglobin?
A
Fe2+
16
Q
CO2 binds to what in hemoglobin?
A
globin chain
17
Q
CO binds to what in hemoglobin?
A
Fe2+ but 200x stronger than O2
18
Q
Forms of hemoglobin?
A
oxyhemoglobin
deoxyhemoglobin
methemoglobin
19
Q
Oxyhemoglobin bind to… and is what color?
A
oxygen
bright red
20
Q
Deoxyhemoglobin is … from oxygen and is what color?
A
dissociated from oxygen
dark, bluish red
21
Q
Methemoglobin cannot bind to … but binds to… and is what color?
A
oxygen; Fe3+
brownish red
22
Q
Granulocytes
A
neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils
23
Q
Agranulocytes
A
monocytes
lymphocytes
24
Q
Neutrophils’ function
Basophils’ function
Eosinophils’ function
A
phagocytosis
releases bradykinin and histamine
combating effect of basophils
25
Monocytes' function
| Lymphocytes' function
enter tissue and become macrophages that participate in phagocytosis;
B and T cells that support immune function
26
Platelets are also called
thrombocytes
27
Thrombocytes are ... they are fragments of... the production stimulated by ... made in .... essential for ... initiates ... process.
```
anculeated;
megakaryocytes;
thrombopoietin;
liver;
hemostasis;
blood coagulation process
```
28
3 steps of stopping bleeding
vasoconstriction;
platelet adherence to the site of damage and forming platelet plug;
blood clotting
29
Two different coagulation pathways
intrinsic and extrinsic
30
Intrinsic coagulation pathways need .... to be present in the blood itself. Begins with trauma .... the vascular system to vessel endothelial lining and it is ...
factors
inside
slow
31
Extrinsic coagulation needs factors from ... the blood. Beings with trauma ... of vascular system to surrounding tissue. It is ...
outside
outside
fast
32
Leukocytosis
increase in WBCs
| associated with inflammation or infection
33
Leukopenia
decrease in WBCs
| associated with viral infection, radiation and chemotherapy
34
Mean corpuscular volume
volume of a single RBC
35
Morphology is observed with ... and it shows... What disease can be distinguished here?
blood smears
size, shape, uniformity, maturity of cells
anemia
36
Reticulocyte count
assessment of bone marrow function
37
Chemical analysis
serum levels of components: iron, vitamin B12, B9, cholesterol, urea, glucose
38
Bleeding time measures...
platelet function
39
Prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time
measures function of various factors in coagulation process
40
Blood therapies
whole blood, packed RBCs, packed platelets;
plasma or colloid volume-expanding solutions;
artificial blood products
41
Whole blood, packed RBCs, and packed platelets are used for...
severe anemia or thrombocytopenia
42
Plasma or colloid volume-expanding solutions are used to...
maintain blood volume
43
Artificial blood products are used to...
compensate for loss of RBCs and compatible with all blood types
44
Blood therapies for bone marrow transplants:
epoetin alfa
45
Epoetin alfa is an artificial form of ___.
| It is used for anemia related to ___ and ____.
erythropoietin
chronic renal failure and cancer
46
RBC disorders
anemias and polycythemia
47
Anemia is a ___ deficit and reduction in ___ transport.
| Caused by deficiency of ___, impairment of ___ ____, blood loss and excessive destruction of ___.
hemoglobin
oxygen
required nutrient
bone marrow
RBCs
48
Pernicious anemia is characterized by large, immature, nucleated ___.
Due to a deficiency in___ which is needed for DNA synthesis. Vitamin ___ deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia by the same mechanism as above.
large, immature, nucleated erythrocytes;
deficiency of Vitamin B12
B9 (folic acid)
49
What is the basic problem of pernicious anemia?
lack of absorption of B12 due to lack of intrinsic factor
50
Aplastic anemia is ... possible causes are ....
impairment or failure of bone marrow; myelotoxins, viruses, autoimmune disease, genetic abnormalities
51
Myelotoxins
drugs that damage bone marrow and radiation
52
Hemolytic anemia results from ... and is caused by...
excessive destruction of RBCs;
| genetic defects, immune reactions, infections, toxins in blood, changes in blood chemistry
53
Sickle cell anemia is a .... where ... are affected and ..are carriers. It is the ... inherited blood disorder in the U.S.
autosomal recessive mutation in Hb.
homozygotes, heterozygotes.
most common
54
Sickling of cells occurs whenever ...
oxygen levels are lowered
55
When do clinical signs of sickle cell anemia show up? What is the life expectancy now? The heterozygous condition is somewhat protective against ...
4 months old
50+
malaria
56
Treatment of sickle cell anemia
hydroxyurea which stimulates production of fetal Hb and reduces frequency of crisis.
Bone marrow transplant is the only potential treatment.
57
Thalassemia is the .... genetic disorder in the world. ...% of the population has mutations in hemoglobin a or b chain.
most common
| 5%
58
Thalassemia is an .... inheritance. The genes for some hemoglobin chains are ... or ....
There are missing or replaced chains.... Hb... hemolysis. Signs and symptoms happen within ... called ...anemia.
```
autosomal recessive
mutated or missin
abnormal, RBC
2 years of life
microcytic
```
59
Polycythemia is when there is ... hematocrit. Two types?
increased
| primary and secondary
60
Primary polycythemia
neoplastic disorder where there is an increased production of RBCs and other cells in the bone marrow. Serum erythropoietin is low.
61
Secondary polycythemia
increase in RBCs in response to prolonged hypoxia, increased erythropoietin secretion, compensation mechanism to provide more oxygen carrying capacity
62
Skin lesion signs of blood clotting disorders
petechiae
| frequent purpura and ecchymoses
63
Petechiae
pinpoint flat red spots on skin and mucous membrane
64
Frequent purpura and ecchymoses
large areas of bruises on skin
65
Hemophilia A is ... hemophilia. It is the most ... inherited clotting disorder. It is an .... recessive trait. It manifests in... and carried by... there are .... degrees of severity. There is .... bleeding after minor trauma. .....into joint. and possible .... in feces.
classic
common
X-linked
men
women
varying
prolonged
spontaneous bleeding
hematuria or blood
66
Disseminated intravascular coagulation is .....
.... are formed and .... occur. Clotting factors are .... and bleeding ....
Clotting factors are reduced to a .... level. ...., ... hemorrhage. Hypotension results from...
excessive clotting and excessive bleeding in circulation.
thrombi
infarcts
consumed
develops
dangerous level
widespread, uncontrollable
circulatory shock
67
The Leukemias are a group of....involving ... There is ... production in bone marrow. Large numbers are released into... it infiltrates ....One are more types of leukocytes are...
neoplastic disorders
WBCs
uncontrolled
general circulation
lymph nodes, spleen, liver, brain, other organs
undifferentiated, immature and nonfunctional
68
Acute leukemias have a high proportion of .... nonfunctional cells in bone marrow and peripheral circulation. The onset is...marked ... and ....occurs primarily in... and ...
immature
abrupt
signs and complications
children and younger adults
69
Chronic leukemias have higher proportions of ....
... onset. Mild ... and better....
Common in ....
mature cells
slower
signs
prognosis
older people
70
Lymphocytic leukemias include .... and they are .... of lymphocytes.
acute, chronic lymphocytic
| precursors
71
Myelogenous leukemias include .... and they are .... of granulocytes.
acute and chronic myelogenous
| precursors
72
Multiple myeloma or .... myeloma. ... disease of unknown etiology. Increased production of ... in bone marrow. Production of other blood cells is .... there are multiple ... in bone. It occurs in .... and the prognosis is ...
plasma cell
neoplastic
plasma cells
impaired
tumors
older adults
poor
73
Lymphomas
malignant neoplasms
| Hodgkins and non hodgkins
74
Malignant neoplasms
lymphocyte proliferation in bone marrow or lymph nodes
75
Hodgkins lymphoma....
| ... defective and WBC count decreased. Presence of ... cell.
initially involves a single lymph in neck
T-lymphocytes
reed-sternberg
76
First indicator of Hodgkin's lymphoma and later...
painless enlarged lymph node
| splenomegaly and enlarged lymph nodes
77
Staging and prognosis of hodgkins lymphoma is dependent on...
number of nodes involved or location of nodes inovlved
78
Non-Hodgkins lymphoma is a ....
| ...% involve B-lymphocytes. ....lymph node involvement. ....with widespread metastases. ... to treat.
```
group of diseases
85
multiple
non-organized
harder
```
