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Pathophysiology > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Pituitary gland is the ….gland. The anterior lobe is called… and the posterior lobe is called …..

A

master
adenohypophysis
neurohypophysis

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2
Q

Hypothalamus has two hormones that are moderated by the pituitary gland ultimately.

A

hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting

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3
Q

Hormones of the pituitary do what?

A

stimulate other endocrine glands

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4
Q

Secretion of hormones may be controlled by ….mechanism.

A

more than one

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5
Q

Aldosterone secretion can be stimulated by….

A

ACTH
Angiotensin II
low levels of Na
high levels of K

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6
Q

Aldosterone secretion can be inhibited by…

A

ANP
high levels of Na
low levels of K

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7
Q

ANP is produced when? and what does it do?

A

in response to high atrial BP

reduces reabsorption of sodium and water

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8
Q

Hormones that work antagonistically

A

insulin and glucagon

parathyroid and calcitonin

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9
Q

Rate and timing of secretion of thyroid?
estrogen?
cortisol?

A

constant
cyclic
fluctuate

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10
Q

Hormones are?

A

primary chemical messengers

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11
Q

Examples of derivatives of tyrosine?

A

thyroid hormone
norepinephrine and noradrenaline
dopamine

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12
Q

Examples of derivatives of peptides?

A

insulin
glucagon
ADH

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13
Q

Examples of derivatives of steroids?

A

glucocorticoids
aldosterone
sex hormones

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14
Q

What can cause an excess of hormone levels?

A

benign tumor
hyperplasia
congenital defect of gland
excretion by kidney is impaired

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15
Q

If there is a reduced action of the hormone, then there is a reduced effect; what are some examples?

A

target cell insensitivity
type 2 diabetes
diabetes insipidus -nephrogenic

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16
Q

Diagnostic tests for endocrine disorders

A 
serum hormone levels
urine
indirect test for specific hormone action
gland stimulation or suppression tests
lesion tests
biopsy
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17
Q

Deficit hormone conditions may be treated with ….
Excessive hormone conditions may be treated with…
Which one is harder to treat?

A

replacement therapy
medications, surgery, radiation
excessive

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18
Q

PTH regulates blood levels of…

A

calcium

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19
Q

Kidneys can act on phosphate as a result of PTH. How? and what does it do to Ca levels?

A

decreases phosphate

increases calcium

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20
Q

Hypoparathyroidism leads to..

causes…

A 
hypocalcemia 
tumor
surgery or radiation in neck
autoimmune disease
congenital lack of parathyroid glands
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21
Q

Effects of hypocalcemia

A

weak cardiac contractions

spontaneous contractions of skeletal muscle

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22
Q

Complete absence of PTH causes …

A

death from hypocalcemic tetany

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23
Q

Two signs of hypocalcemia?

What are they?

A

Chvosteck’s sign- spasm of lip or face when face is tapped in front of ear
Trousseau’s sign- atypical contraction of fingers when BP cuff blocks circulation

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24
Q

Hyperparathyroidism causes… and results in …

What are the causes of it?

A

increased calcium release from bone (osteoporosis)
hypercalcemia
tumor
secondary to renal failure

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25
What are the effects of hypercalcemia?
forceful cardiac contractions depressed NM activity predisposition to kidney stones
26
Why does renal failure cause hyperthryoidism? decreased clearance of phosphate--> decreased activation of vitamin D-->
decreased Ca --> increased PTH | decreased calcium --> increased PTH
27
Calcitonin is made by... | It decreases .... in blood by ....
thyroid gland Ca inhibits Ca release from bone and resporption in kidneys
28
Most common cause of pituitary disorders? Effect on hormone secretion? Effect on mass?
adenomas may cause excessive or decreased release of hormones may cause pressure inthe skull
29
Growth hormone aka
somatotropin
30
GH acts on target tissues....
directly and indirectly
31
GH directly .... | indirectly...
stimulates postnatal longitudinal growth like bone and cartilage increases production of insulin like GF by a variety of tissues
32
``` Acromegaly is ... often associated with... bones become ... and .... soft tissues.... hands and feet... skull... facial features... ```
``` excess GH adenoma broader and heavier grow enlarge thickens change ```
33
ADH does what?
reabsorbs water in kidney tubules and collecting ducts | vasoconstricts
34
Diabetes Insipidus
inability of kidney to conserve water deficit of ADH lack of sugar in urine
35
Types of diabetes insipidus
central | nephrogenic
36
Central diabetes insipidus | nephrogenic
ADH production is inhibited Can be hypothalamic or originate in posterior pituitary kidney tubules do not respond to ADH may be hereditary or acquired
37
Main signs of polyurea in DI? | Treatment?
thirst, large volumes of diluted urine | replacement of ADH for central only
38
ADH retention is triggered by...
stress or secreted by tumor
39
Signs of inappropriate ADH
severe hyponatremia which leads to cerebral edema
40
Thyroid gland is stimulated by .... | This hormone produces ....
TSH thyroxine (T4) triiodothyronin (T3)
41
Receptors for thyroid hormones are ... and expressed in virtually all tissues. They affect .... through ... and ... They are essential for ... and ... They control ....
``` intracellular every cell and organ in the body genomic effects non-genomic effects (Ca pump, Na/H pump) normal growth and development rate of metabolism ```
42
Goiter is ... | Caused by....
enlargement of the thyroid gland | hypothyroid or hyperthyroid
43
Endemic goiter is a ... condition in regions with low iodine in food. There are low levels of .. and ... , so stimulates production of TSH which results in.. and ...
hypothyroid T4 and T3 thyroid hyperplasia and hypertrophy
44
Toxic goiter is a ... It results in ... of thyroid gland. Present in ... disease
hyperthyroid hyperactivity of thyroid gland graves
45
Graves disease results in ... | Treatment includes...
exophthalmos radioactive iodine surgical removal of thyroid antithyroid drugs
46
Hypothyroidism is when there is an ... deficiency, a ...., surgical removal or treatment of the gland and/or .... disorder.
iodine tumor autoimmune
47
Example of autoimmune disorder that causes hypothyroidism
hasimotos myxedema cretinism
48
Adrenal cortex produces
adrenocorticosteroids and androgens
49
Adrenocorticosteroid examples
mineralocorticoids | glucocorticoids
50
Mineralcorticoid example
aldosterone
51
Glucocorticoid example
cortisol and cortisone
52
Adrenal medulla hormones
epinephrine | norepinephrine
53
Cushings syndrome caused by ... | May result from ..., ..., ...
excessive levels of glucocorticoids pituitary adenoma adrenal adenoma iatrogenic conditions
54
Cushings syndrome is characterized by...
``` catabolic effects metabolic changes retention of sodium and water suppression of immune response suppression of inflammatory response ```
55
Catabolic effects of cushings? | Metabolic?
osteoporosis decreased protein synthesis increase in gluconeogenesis insulin resistance
56
Addisons disease is a deficiency of ...
adrenocoritcosteroid hormones: mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens
57
Addisons is due to
adrenal gland deficiency
58
Hypoparathyroidism turns into.... | Hypocalcemia affects ... and ... function. Some signs are ... and ...
Hypocalcemia nerves and muscle function Trousseau's and Chvostek's sign
59
Hyperparathyroidism symptoms are usually in ... and the symptoms are related to ....
women | release of bone calcium into blood stream which leads to bone damage, hypercalcemia and kidney damage
60
In hyperparathyroidism, bones become so.. that pathologic fractures occur easily from ....
fragile | kyphosis
61
Pituitary adenomas usually are .... They cause pressure in the ... Untreated destroy .... called...
benign skull all types of cells panhypopituitarism
62
Acromegaly can lead to .... and ... | These people usually have comorbidities of ..., ... and ...
carpal tunnel syndrome and arthritis | diabetes, hypertension, CV disease
63
Endemic goiter is a ... condition. It affects those with low ... levels. Goitrogens are foods that .... Examples Toxic goiter can be secondary to ...
``` hypothyroid iodine may block elements of synthesis of T3 and T4 but increase TSH cabbage, turnips, lithium, fluoride excessive stimulation of TSH ```
64
Hyperthyroidism is aka Occurs in women over age... ...component Symptoms
Graves disease 30 autoimmune hypermetabolism, toxic goiter, exophthalmos

Pathophysiology (20 decks)

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