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Pathophysiology > MSK Disorders > Flashcards

MSK Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Bone producing cells…
Bone resorption cells…
Mature bone cells…

A

osteoblasts
osteoclasts
osteocytes

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2
Q

Bone matrix consists of … and …

It is organized in … and provides strong and rigid structure.

A

collagen fibers
calcium phosphate salt (hydroxyapatite crystals)

osteons

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3
Q

Hormones that hold an equilibrium between new bone and old..

A

growth and PTH

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4
Q

Osteoblasts make … and other …
They promote …
They become … when trapped in matrix.

A

collagen

proteins

calcification

osteocytes

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5
Q

Osteoclasts secrete .. and … which breaks down collagen .

A

collagenase and other matrix degrading enzymes (MMPs)

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6
Q

At a young age bone formation ….
Skeletal maturity is when there is a balance between … and …
At an old age, bone resorption…

A

exceeds bone resorption

formation and resorption is maintained

exceeds formation

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7
Q

Striated appearance of muscles is due to …

A

actin and myosin

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8
Q

In skeletal muscle, myoglobin stores….

Glycogen…

A

oxygen in fibers

stored for energy

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9
Q

Anaerobic respiration uses …. and produces…

A

glycolysis

low level of ATP

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10
Q

… cartilage covers ends of bones, provides smooth surface and slight cushion and degenerates in aging.

A

articular

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11
Q

How does inflammation initiate bone healing?

A

hematoma (fibrin network) is formed

granulation tissue forms

phagocytic cells remove debris

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12
Q

How does bone formation promote healing bone fractures?
___ lay down new collagen fibers.
___ form new cartilage.
a ___-___ callus forms.

A

fibroblasts

chondroblasts

fibro-cartilaginous

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13
Q

Osteoporosis is a loss of .. and …

There are two forms… and …

A

bone matrix (Ca) and mineralization

primary and secondary

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14
Q

Primary osteoporosis:
___
___
decreased ___ hormones and ___ intake.

A

idiopathic

50+ y/o

sex

calcium

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15
Q

Secondary osteoporosis

A

complication of another disorder

hyperparathyroidism or cushings disease

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16
Q

Pathophysiology of osteoporosis:
Bone resorption ….
Affects bones with higher proportion of cancellous bone like …and …
Can cause … fractures of vertebrae, wrist, hip and pelvis.
Can lead to … and …

A

exceeds formation

vertebrae and femoral neck

compression

kyphosis and scoliosis

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17
Q

Rickets and osteomalacia results from …

A

deficit of vitamin D

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18
Q

Pagets disease is ….
Occurs in adults older than …
Fractures in … can result in … fractures and kyphosis.

A

excessive bone destruction with replacement by fibrous tissue and abnormal bone

40

vertebrae

compression

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19
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta is known as …

A

brittle bone disease

20
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta is a mutation in … that is an ….inheritance.

A

collagen I gene

dominant

21
Q

Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease is aka..
It is …
Commonly affects …
Femoral head dies–> ….–> limping and pain–> …

A

ischemic avascular necrosis

temporary reduced blood supply to the head of the femur in the hip joint

one hip

inflammation and irritation of the hip

X-ray

22
Q

Osteomyelitis is … commonly due to …
Common in …
Associated with …
Predisposing factors …

A

infection of the bone

Staph aureus

adolescents

minor trauma

soft tissue injuries, open injuries, fractures

23
Q

Osteomyelitis manifests as …. locally and … systemically.
Treatment includes…

A

pain especially with movement, swelling, tenderness

fever, leukocytosis

bone-penetrating antimicrobials, surgery to remove necrotic and infected tissue

24
Q

Bone tumors are common secondary (…) tumors from …. especially in….
Majority of primary (…) tumors are ….

A

metastases
breast, lung or prostate
spine and pelvis

sarcomas
malignant

25
Q

Primary tumors in bone aka sarcomas metastasize to …. early.

A

lungs

26
Q

Primary bone tumors

A

osteosarcoma
ewings sarcoma
chondrosarcomas

27
Q

Osteosarcoma is the ….
It occurs in the …of the longs bones of leg.
Common in ….

A

most common
metaphysis
children, adolescents, young adults

28
Q

Ewing’s sarcoma occurs in …and common in…

A

diaphysis of long bones of leg

adolescents

29
Q

Chondrosarcomas arise from … and are more common in…

A

cartilage cells

adults over 30 years old

30
Q

Muscular dystrophy is a group of …
It results in …. over time.
Most common type.

A

recessive disorders
degeneration of skeletal muscle
Duchenne muscular dystrophy

31
Q

DMD is a …. recessive disorder.

Caused by mutation in …

A

X-linked

dystrophin

32
Q 
Pathophysiology of DMD:
... and .... of muscle cell 
Skeletal muscle fibers replaced by .. and ... which produces a ... appearance. 
Muscle function is ...
....develops. 
Death from ..
A 
degeneration and necrosis 
fat and fibrous connective tissue 
hypertrophic 
gradually lost 
cardiomyopathy 
respiratory failure
33
Q

In OA, tissue damage causes release of enzymes ….

A

matrix matalloproteases (MMPs)

34
Q

Pathophys of RA:
…is produced against IgG and … , …. produced.
Antigen-antibody complex reacts with complement and deposits tissue causing …. which is a type … hypersensitivity.

A

RF
anti-citrullin
anti-nuclear antigen

inflammation
III

35
Q

Inflammation in RA:

…. are stimulated by something unknown , it produces ….thus inflammation.

A

T lymphocytes

cytokines

36
Q 
Synovitis shows as: 
Marked \_\_\_\_
increased \_\_\_ \_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_ formation
cell \_\_\_\_
A

inflammation

vessel permeability

exudate

proliferation

37
Q

In RA, there is a formation of a pannus which is …

A

abnormal layer of granulation (fibrovascular) tissue

38
Q

JRA (juvenile RA) is a group of autoimmune disease where … is not present and … may be present.

A

RF

ANA

39
Q

Gout results from ….

A

deposit of uric acid crystals in joint

40
Q 
What is uric acid? 
Hyperuricemia and crystal formation results from:
inadequate \_\_\_\_ excretion
\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_abnormality
\_\_\_ factor
A

waste product of purine metabolism
normally excreted through kidneys

renal

chemo

metabolic

genetic

41
Q

Ankylosis is …

Spondylitis is …

A

joint fixation

inflammation of a spinal joint

42
Q

Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic …
Affects ….
More common in men age …

A

progressive inflammatory condition

SI and costovertebral joints and intervertebral spaces of axial skeleton

20-30

43
Q

Progression of ankylosing spondylitis…

A 
vertebral joints inflamed 
fibrosis 
inflammation in lower back 
kyphosis
osteoporosis 
lung expansion limited
44
Q

Volkmanns ischemic contracture happens from a ___ that causes prolonged loss of blood supply. Usually from ___ artery, causing ____ and increased ___ stimulation.

A

fracture

Brachial

vasoconstriction

sympathetic

45
Q

Volkmanns ischemic contracture is when you should check for … pulse. Ischemia of … hours can produce contractures.

A

radial

6

Pathophysiology (20 decks)

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