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Pathophysiology > MSK Disorders > Flashcards

MSK Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Bone producing cells…
Bone resorption cells…
Mature bone cells…

A

osteoblasts
osteoclasts
osteocytes

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2
Q

Bone matrix consists of … and …

It is organized in … and provides strong and rigid structure.

A

collagen fibers
calcium phosphate salt (hydroxyapatite crystals)

osteons

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3
Q

Hormones that hold an equilibrium between new bone and old..

A

growth and PTH

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4
Q

Osteoblasts make … and other …
They promote …
They become … when trapped in matrix.

A

collagen

proteins

calcification

osteocytes

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5
Q

Osteoclasts secrete .. and … which breaks down collagen .

A

collagenase and other matrix degrading enzymes (MMPs)

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6
Q

At a young age bone formation ….
Skeletal maturity is when there is a balance between … and …
At an old age, bone resorption…

A

exceeds bone resorption

formation and resorption is maintained

exceeds formation

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7
Q

Striated appearance of muscles is due to …

A

actin and myosin

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8
Q

In skeletal muscle, myoglobin stores….

Glycogen…

A

oxygen in fibers

stored for energy

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9
Q

Anaerobic respiration uses …. and produces…

A

glycolysis

low level of ATP

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10
Q

… cartilage covers ends of bones, provides smooth surface and slight cushion and degenerates in aging.

A

articular

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11
Q

How does inflammation initiate bone healing?

A

hematoma (fibrin network) is formed

granulation tissue forms

phagocytic cells remove debris

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12
Q

How does bone formation promote healing bone fractures?
___ lay down new collagen fibers.
___ form new cartilage.
a ___-___ callus forms.

A

fibroblasts

chondroblasts

fibro-cartilaginous

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13
Q

Osteoporosis is a loss of .. and …

There are two forms… and …

A

bone matrix (Ca) and mineralization

primary and secondary

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14
Q

Primary osteoporosis:
___
___
decreased ___ hormones and ___ intake.

A

idiopathic

50+ y/o

sex

calcium

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15
Q

Secondary osteoporosis

A

complication of another disorder

hyperparathyroidism or cushings disease

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16
Q

Pathophysiology of osteoporosis:
Bone resorption ….
Affects bones with higher proportion of cancellous bone like …and …
Can cause … fractures of vertebrae, wrist, hip and pelvis.
Can lead to … and …

A

exceeds formation

vertebrae and femoral neck

compression

kyphosis and scoliosis

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17
Q

Rickets and osteomalacia results from …

A

deficit of vitamin D

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18
Q

Pagets disease is ….
Occurs in adults older than …
Fractures in … can result in … fractures and kyphosis.

A

excessive bone destruction with replacement by fibrous tissue and abnormal bone

40

vertebrae

compression

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19
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta is known as …

A

brittle bone disease

20
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta is a mutation in … that is an ….inheritance.

A

collagen I gene

dominant

21
Q

Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease is aka..
It is …
Commonly affects …
Femoral head dies–> ….–> limping and pain–> …

A

ischemic avascular necrosis

temporary reduced blood supply to the head of the femur in the hip joint

one hip

inflammation and irritation of the hip

X-ray

22
Q

Osteomyelitis is … commonly due to …
Common in …
Associated with …
Predisposing factors …

A

infection of the bone

Staph aureus

adolescents

minor trauma

soft tissue injuries, open injuries, fractures

23
Q

Osteomyelitis manifests as …. locally and … systemically.
Treatment includes…

A

pain especially with movement, swelling, tenderness

fever, leukocytosis

bone-penetrating antimicrobials, surgery to remove necrotic and infected tissue

24
Q

Bone tumors are common secondary (…) tumors from …. especially in….
Majority of primary (…) tumors are ….

A

metastases
breast, lung or prostate
spine and pelvis

sarcomas
malignant

25
Primary tumors in bone aka sarcomas metastasize to .... early.
lungs
26
Primary bone tumors
osteosarcoma ewings sarcoma chondrosarcomas
27
Osteosarcoma is the .... It occurs in the ...of the longs bones of leg. Common in ....
most common metaphysis children, adolescents, young adults
28
Ewing's sarcoma occurs in ...and common in...
diaphysis of long bones of leg | adolescents
29
Chondrosarcomas arise from ... and are more common in...
cartilage cells | adults over 30 years old
30
Muscular dystrophy is a group of ... It results in .... over time. Most common type.
recessive disorders degeneration of skeletal muscle Duchenne muscular dystrophy
31
DMD is a .... recessive disorder. | Caused by mutation in ...
X-linked | dystrophin
32
``` Pathophysiology of DMD: ... and .... of muscle cell Skeletal muscle fibers replaced by .. and ... which produces a ... appearance. Muscle function is ... ....develops. Death from .. ```
``` degeneration and necrosis fat and fibrous connective tissue hypertrophic gradually lost cardiomyopathy respiratory failure ```
33
In OA, tissue damage causes release of enzymes ....
matrix matalloproteases (MMPs)
34
Pathophys of RA: ...is produced against IgG and ... , .... produced. Antigen-antibody complex reacts with complement and deposits tissue causing .... which is a type ... hypersensitivity.
RF anti-citrullin anti-nuclear antigen inflammation III
35
Inflammation in RA: | .... are stimulated by something unknown , it produces ....thus inflammation.
T lymphocytes cytokines
36
``` Synovitis shows as: Marked ____ increased ___ ____ ____ formation cell ____ ```
inflammation vessel permeability exudate proliferation
37
In RA, there is a formation of a pannus which is ...
abnormal layer of granulation (fibrovascular) tissue
38
JRA (juvenile RA) is a group of autoimmune disease where ... is not present and ... may be present.
RF | ANA
39
Gout results from ....
deposit of uric acid crystals in joint
40
``` What is uric acid? Hyperuricemia and crystal formation results from: inadequate ____ excretion ____ ____abnormality ___ factor ```
waste product of purine metabolism normally excreted through kidneys renal chemo metabolic genetic
41
Ankylosis is ... | Spondylitis is ...
joint fixation inflammation of a spinal joint
42
Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic ... Affects .... More common in men age ...
progressive inflammatory condition SI and costovertebral joints and intervertebral spaces of axial skeleton 20-30
43
Progression of ankylosing spondylitis...
``` vertebral joints inflamed fibrosis inflammation in lower back kyphosis osteoporosis lung expansion limited ```
44
Volkmanns ischemic contracture happens from a ___ that causes prolonged loss of blood supply. Usually from ___ artery, causing ____ and increased ___ stimulation.
fracture Brachial vasoconstriction sympathetic
45
Volkmanns ischemic contracture is when you should check for ... pulse. Ischemia of ... hours can produce contractures.
radial | 6

Pathophysiology (20 decks)

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