Diabetes Flashcards
Definition of diabetes
of mellitus
inability to retain fluid
sugar in urine
Diabetes what is it:
Due to inability of …..
Due to ….
bodys inability to use glucose as a fuel molecule to produce ATP
cells to uptake glucose
insulin signaling impairment
Type 1 diabetes
no insulin produced in the body
Type 2 diabetes
insulin is produced but body doesnt respond to it
Insulin is a ….
It is made in the …. by ….
It acts on a cell by binding to …..
….move it from cytoplasm to membrane to all the glucose to pass inside the cell.
small protein (polypeptide) pancrease islet of langerhans beta cells insulin receptor on cell surface glucose transporters (Glut-4)
Insulin helps muscle, fat, and liver cells absorb …..which will …..blood glucose levels.
It stimulates liver and muscle tissue to…..in the form of ….
It reduces ……production in the liver in the process of …..
glucose decrease store excess glucose glycogen glucose gluconeogenesis
Insulin sensitivity
cells respond to insulin action
Insulin resistance
insulin is produced but not able to produce an effect due to defective insulin signaling
Insulin resistance can be due to
Body makes more insulin to reduce blood glucose levles
high insulin cause more resistance
more resistance causes more production and ultimately the beta cells give up
Fat is the largest … organ.
It secretes lots of signaling molecules but what are the ones we talked about…
endocrine adiponectin leptin resistin inflammatory markers
Adiponectin
helps glucose uptake and a down regulation of it is linked to obesity
Leptin
inhibits hunger
obesity leads to increased leptin which will increase leptin resistance
Resistin
resistance to insulin
Inflammatory markers
interleukins
CRP
Fat near the …. is more dangerous.
liver
Type 1 diabetes classification
islet beta cells are destroyed and no insulin is produced
Type 2 diabetes classification
cells not responding to insulin
insulin deficiency develops due to loss of islet beta cells
Specific types of diabetes due to other causes
monogenic diabetes
disease of the pancreas
drug or chemical induced diabetes
Monogenic diabetes
neonatal
maturity-onset diabetes of the young
Diseases of the exocrine pancreas
cystic fibrosis
pancreatitis
Drug or chemical induced diabetes
glucocorticoid use
HIV/AIDS meds
In type 1 hyperglycemia develops
quickly
Gestational diabetes
pregnancy hormones interfere with action of insulin
pancreas is not coping with higher demand for insulin
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
inhibits enzyme that breaks down complex sugars in GI which slows down the glucose release and absorption in GI
