Diabetes

Question 1

Definition of diabetes

of mellitus

Answer 1

inability to retain fluid

sugar in urine

Question 2

Diabetes what is it:
Due to inability of …..
Due to ….

Answer 2

bodys inability to use glucose as a fuel molecule to produce ATP
cells to uptake glucose
insulin signaling impairment

Question 3

Type 1 diabetes

Answer 3

no insulin produced in the body

Question 4

Type 2 diabetes

Answer 4

insulin is produced but body doesnt respond to it

Question 5

Insulin is a ….
It is made in the …. by ….
It acts on a cell by binding to …..
….move it from cytoplasm to membrane to all the glucose to pass inside the cell.

Answer 5

small protein (polypeptide)
pancrease
islet of langerhans beta cells
insulin receptor on cell surface
glucose transporters (Glut-4)

Question 6

Insulin helps muscle, fat, and liver cells absorb …..which will …..blood glucose levels.
It stimulates liver and muscle tissue to…..in the form of ….
It reduces ……production in the liver in the process of …..

Answer 6

glucose 
decrease
store excess glucose
glycogen
glucose 
gluconeogenesis

Question 7

Insulin sensitivity

Answer 7

cells respond to insulin action

Question 8

Insulin resistance

Answer 8

insulin is produced but not able to produce an effect due to defective insulin signaling

Question 9

Insulin resistance can be due to

Answer 9

Body makes more insulin to reduce blood glucose levles
high insulin cause more resistance
more resistance causes more production and ultimately the beta cells give up

Question 10

Fat is the largest … organ.

It secretes lots of signaling molecules but what are the ones we talked about…

Answer 10

endocrine
adiponectin
leptin
resistin
inflammatory markers

Question 11

Adiponectin

Answer 11

helps glucose uptake and a down regulation of it is linked to obesity

Question 12

Leptin

Answer 12

inhibits hunger

obesity leads to increased leptin which will increase leptin resistance

Question 13

Resistin

Answer 13

resistance to insulin

Question 14

Inflammatory markers

Answer 14

interleukins

CRP

Question 15

Fat near the …. is more dangerous.

Answer 15

liver

Question 16

Type 1 diabetes classification

Answer 16

islet beta cells are destroyed and no insulin is produced

Question 17

Type 2 diabetes classification

Answer 17

cells not responding to insulin

insulin deficiency develops due to loss of islet beta cells

Question 18

Specific types of diabetes due to other causes

Answer 18

monogenic diabetes
disease of the pancreas
drug or chemical induced diabetes

Question 19

Monogenic diabetes

Answer 19

neonatal

maturity-onset diabetes of the young

Question 20

Diseases of the exocrine pancreas

Answer 20

cystic fibrosis

pancreatitis

Question 21

Drug or chemical induced diabetes

Answer 21

glucocorticoid use

HIV/AIDS meds

Question 22

In type 1 hyperglycemia develops

Answer 22

quickly

Question 23

Gestational diabetes

Answer 23

pregnancy hormones interfere with action of insulin

pancreas is not coping with higher demand for insulin

Question 24

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

Answer 24

inhibits enzyme that breaks down complex sugars in GI which slows down the glucose release and absorption in GI

Question 25

Lab tests for diabetes

Answer 25

plasma glucose
oral glucose
hemoglobin A1C

Question 26

Hemoglobin A1C test measures a persons average blood glucose level over the past ….
Measures…

Answer 26

3 months

glycated hemoglobin

Question 27

When there is diabetic nephropathy the glomerular wall changes, it is … because …. decreases. It is more … beause of ……
Therapeutic interventions include…

Answer 27

thickened (glycated)
GFR decreases
permeable 
microalbuminurea/albuminurea
blood pressure control
dietary protein restirction