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Pathophysiology > Fluid Imbalances > Flashcards

Fluid Imbalances Flashcards

1
Q

Percentage of adult body weight from water? Infants?

A

50-60%

70%

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2
Q

What organ contains the most water? Next one?

A

Lungs: 83%

muscles and kidneys: 79%

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3
Q

More fluid in veins or arteries?

A

veins

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4
Q

Thirst mechanism is controlled by

A

osmoreceptors in hypothalamus

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5
Q

How do the osmoreceptors work in the thirst mechanism?

A

they react to increase in blood osmotic pressure

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6
Q

Hormones that control fluid retention?

A

Antidiuretic hormone

Aldosterone

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7
Q

How does ADH work?

A

It controls fluid output through urine. It increases reabsorption of water from kidney tubules into the blood.

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8
Q

How does aldosterone work?

A

increases reabsorption of sodium and water from kidney tubules into the blood.

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9
Q

When is atrial natriuretic peptide produced?

A

in response to high atrial BP

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10
Q

What does ANP do?

A

reduces reabsorption of sodium and water
promotes sodium loss in urine
reduces blood volume
reduces BP

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11
Q

Types of capillaries: continuous has what types of clefts?
fenestrated?
discontinuous?

A

intercellular
Intracellular
Intercelullar

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12
Q

Where are continuous capillaries normally found?

A

fat, muscle, nervous system, skin

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13
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries normally found?

A

intestinal villi, endocrine glands, kidney glomeruli

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14
Q

Where are discontinuous capillaries normally found?

A

liver, bone marrow, spleen

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15
Q

Movement through the semi-permeable membrane is dependent on what two pressures?

A

hydrostatic and osmotic

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16
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure dependent on?

A

by pressure of fluid or filtration

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17
Q

What is osmotic pressure dependent on?

A

solute content

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18
Q

What are two major contributors to osmostic pressure?

A

sodium and albumin

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19
Q

In filtration fluid moves through a filter from….

A

higher to lower pressure

20
Q

In osmosis fluid moves through a filter from….

A

lower to higher pressure

21
Q

What does Starling’s Law say?

A

amount of fluid moved across a capillary wall is proportional to the net filtration pressure

22
Q

What is Starling’s Law a combination of?

A

hydrostatic and osmotic pressure

23
Q

What are four Starling’s forces?

A

hydrostatic pressure in capillary and interstitium

osmotic pressure in capillary and interstitium

24
Q

What forces in Starling’s Law are highest?

A

hydrostatic and osmotic in the capillaries

25
Q

What pressure is higher in the arteriolar capillary vs the venule? How would that affect movement of fluid? How does this movement affect BP?

A

hydrostatic
from blood to interstitium
decreases because of decreased blood volume

26
Q

What pressure is higher in the venule vs arteriolar? How would that affect movement of fluid? How does this affect BP?

A

osmotic
from interstitium to blood
increases (becomes more concentrated)

27
Q

Filtration happens more toward … while absorption happens more towards…

A

arteriole

venule

28
Q

Passive diffusion

A

high to low

29
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

high to low

30
Q

Active transport

A

low to high with ATP

31
Q

Isotonic solution water will move…

A

nowhere

32
Q

Hypertonic solution, water will move…

A

from inside the cell to outside

33
Q

Hypotonic solution, water will move…

A

from outside the cell to inside

34
Q

Cause of edema could be due to loss of …. particularly…which results in ….plasma osmotic pressure and …fluid return to the venous capillary.

A

plasma proteins
albumin
decreased
less

35
Q

Loss of albumin can be from

A 
kidney disease
severe burns
hemorrhage
malnutrition/malabsorption
liver disease
36
Q

Another cause of edema?

A

obstruction of lymphatic circulation

37
Q

Another cause of edema?

A

increased capillary permeability usually from inflammation

38
Q

During an inflammatory response, what happens to cause edema?

A

proteins leak out, there is increased osmotic pressure in ISF and retention of water

39
Q

Widespread edema is caused by?

A

bacterial toxins or large burn wounds

40
Q

Functional restrictions of edema?

A

ROM
heart (impaired diastole)
lung (reduced vital capacity)
interferes with digestion or absorption

41
Q

Pain as an effect of edema?

A

local pressure inserted on nerves
headache
stretching of capsule in organs

42
Q

Some effects of edema on circulatory system?

A

impaired arterial circulation: ischemia due to tissue breakdown, necrosis, ulcers

43
Q

Isotonic in terms of hydration
Hypotonic in terms of hydration
Hypertonic in terms of hydration

A

proportionate loss of water and electrolytes;
loss of more electrolytes than water;
loss of more water than electrolytes

44
Q

Hypovolemia

A

depletion of vascular compartment;
water moves from inside the cells to the vascular bed to maintain blood volume and BP so cells may malfunction; aka hypovalemic shock

45
Q

Attempts to compensate for fluid loss

A 
increase thirst
increase HR
constrict cutaneous BV
sweating decreased
produce less urine
increase hemtocrit

Pathophysiology (20 decks)

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