Fluid Imbalances

Question 1

Percentage of adult body weight from water? Infants?

Answer 1

50-60%

70%

Question 2

What organ contains the most water? Next one?

Answer 2

Lungs: 83%

muscles and kidneys: 79%

Question 3

More fluid in veins or arteries?

Answer 3

veins

Question 4

Thirst mechanism is controlled by

Answer 4

osmoreceptors in hypothalamus

Question 5

How do the osmoreceptors work in the thirst mechanism?

Answer 5

they react to increase in blood osmotic pressure

Question 6

Hormones that control fluid retention?

Answer 6

Antidiuretic hormone

Aldosterone

Question 7

How does ADH work?

Answer 7

It controls fluid output through urine. It increases reabsorption of water from kidney tubules into the blood.

Question 8

How does aldosterone work?

Answer 8

increases reabsorption of sodium and water from kidney tubules into the blood.

Question 9

When is atrial natriuretic peptide produced?

Answer 9

in response to high atrial BP

Question 10

What does ANP do?

Answer 10

reduces reabsorption of sodium and water
promotes sodium loss in urine
reduces blood volume
reduces BP

Question 11

Types of capillaries: continuous has what types of clefts?
fenestrated?
discontinuous?

Answer 11

intercellular
Intracellular
Intercelullar

Question 12

Where are continuous capillaries normally found?

Answer 12

fat, muscle, nervous system, skin

Question 13

Where are fenestrated capillaries normally found?

Answer 13

intestinal villi, endocrine glands, kidney glomeruli

Question 14

Where are discontinuous capillaries normally found?

Answer 14

liver, bone marrow, spleen

Question 15

Movement through the semi-permeable membrane is dependent on what two pressures?

Answer 15

hydrostatic and osmotic

Question 16

What is hydrostatic pressure dependent on?

Answer 16

by pressure of fluid or filtration

Question 17

What is osmotic pressure dependent on?

Answer 17

solute content

Question 18

What are two major contributors to osmostic pressure?

Answer 18

sodium and albumin

Question 19

In filtration fluid moves through a filter from….

Answer 19

higher to lower pressure

Question 20

In osmosis fluid moves through a filter from….

Answer 20

lower to higher pressure

Question 21

What does Starling’s Law say?

Answer 21

amount of fluid moved across a capillary wall is proportional to the net filtration pressure

Question 22

What is Starling’s Law a combination of?

Answer 22

hydrostatic and osmotic pressure

Question 23

What are four Starling’s forces?

Answer 23

hydrostatic pressure in capillary and interstitium

osmotic pressure in capillary and interstitium

Question 24

What forces in Starling’s Law are highest?

Answer 24

hydrostatic and osmotic in the capillaries

Question 25

What pressure is higher in the arteriolar capillary vs the venule? How would that affect movement of fluid? How does this movement affect BP?

Answer 25

hydrostatic from blood to interstitium decreases because of decreased blood volume

Question 26

What pressure is higher in the venule vs arteriolar? How would that affect movement of fluid? How does this affect BP?

Answer 26

osmotic from interstitium to blood increases (becomes more concentrated)

Question 27

Filtration happens more toward ... while absorption happens more towards...

Answer 27

arteriole | venule

Question 28

Passive diffusion

Answer 28

high to low

Question 29

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 29

high to low

Question 30

Active transport

Answer 30

low to high with ATP

Question 31

Isotonic solution water will move...

Answer 31

nowhere

Question 32

Hypertonic solution, water will move...

Answer 32

from inside the cell to outside

Question 33

Hypotonic solution, water will move...

Answer 33

from outside the cell to inside

Question 34

Cause of edema could be due to loss of .... particularly...which results in ....plasma osmotic pressure and ...fluid return to the venous capillary.

Answer 34

plasma proteins albumin decreased less

Question 35

Loss of albumin can be from

Answer 35

``` kidney disease severe burns hemorrhage malnutrition/malabsorption liver disease ```

Question 36

Another cause of edema?

Answer 36

obstruction of lymphatic circulation

Question 37

Another cause of edema?

Answer 37

increased capillary permeability usually from inflammation

Question 38

During an inflammatory response, what happens to cause edema?

Answer 38

proteins leak out, there is increased osmotic pressure in ISF and retention of water

Question 39

Widespread edema is caused by?

Answer 39

bacterial toxins or large burn wounds

Question 40

Functional restrictions of edema?

Answer 40

ROM heart (impaired diastole) lung (reduced vital capacity) interferes with digestion or absorption

Question 41

Pain as an effect of edema?

Answer 41

local pressure inserted on nerves headache stretching of capsule in organs

Question 42

Some effects of edema on circulatory system?

Answer 42

impaired arterial circulation: ischemia due to tissue breakdown, necrosis, ulcers

Question 43

Isotonic in terms of hydration Hypotonic in terms of hydration Hypertonic in terms of hydration

Answer 43

proportionate loss of water and electrolytes; loss of more electrolytes than water; loss of more water than electrolytes

Question 44

Hypovolemia

Answer 44

depletion of vascular compartment; water moves from inside the cells to the vascular bed to maintain blood volume and BP so cells may malfunction; aka hypovalemic shock

Question 45

Attempts to compensate for fluid loss

Answer 45

``` increase thirst increase HR constrict cutaneous BV sweating decreased produce less urine increase hemtocrit ```