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Pathophysiology > Neurologic Disorders > Flashcards

Neurologic Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons are very sensitive to levels of …. and ….

Axons conduct impulses …. cell body. Dendrites conduct impulses …. cell body.

A

oxygen and glucose
away
toward

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2
Q

Myelin sheath that covers nerve fibers can be formed by … and …. This sheath serves as ….
Gaps in between the sheaths are called …. This is where the action potential is generated and axon collaterals may …
These gaps ….impulse conduction.

A 
oligodendroglia (CNS) and schwann cells (PNS)
insulation
Nodes of Ranvier 
emerge 
speed up
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3
Q

Neuroglia are …. there are 4….

A 
supportive cells
astroglia 
oligodendroglia 
microglia 
schwann cells
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4
Q

Astroglia do what two things?

A

provide link between neurons and capillaries

contribute to blood-brain barrier

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5
Q

Oligodendroglia provide

A

myelin for axons in the CNS

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6
Q

Microglia are responsible for …

A

phagocytic activity

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7
Q

Neurons are …. meaning they do not divide.
In the CNS, neurons …. regenerate.
In the PNS, neurons … regenerate.

A

post mitotic
do not
do, if the cell body is viable

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8
Q

Polarity across a plasma membrane is due to…

Specifically…

A

unequal distribution of ions across membrane.

Na and K ions inside and outside the cell.

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9
Q

Sodium-potassium pump moves … Na … and …. K ….

A

3 out

2 in

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10
Q

Is it more negative charge inside or outside the cell?

A

inside

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11
Q

Stimuli to induce an action potential can be from …

A

NT
light
sound
pressure

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12
Q 
Summary of AP:
Depolarization due to ....
Generation of AP
Repolarization due to ....
Sodium-potassium pump moving ions into their normal position.
A

sodium influx

outward movement of potassium

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13
Q

In chemical NT, upon stimulus, they are released into the synaptic cleft and they will ….
To be removed, NT will either be … or ….

A

depolarize postsynaptic neuron dendrites
degraded/inactivated by enzyme
reuptaken into presynaptic axon

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14
Q

Acetylcholine is located in 2 places usually and 1 place less commonly….
It is degraded by …

A

NMJ
peripheral nervous system
CNS
acetylcholine esterase

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15
Q

Acetylcholine is …. and ….

In the peripheral nervous system it is released as part of the …. in both SNS and PNS

A

excitatory and inhibitory

ANS

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16
Q 
Catecholamines are present in ... 
These include (3)
A

the brain
epinephrine
norepinephrine
dopamine

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17
Q

Epinephrine is part of the …and is …
Norepinephrine is part of the … and …and is …
Dopamine is ….

A 
SNS
excitatory
NMJ
SNS
excitatory
inhibitory and excitatory
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18
Q

Serotonin is present in … and …
It regulates ….
Is implicated in….
It is …

A 
CNS
GI
behavior, sleep, digestive processes
mood changes
inhibitory
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19
Q

Glutamate is …

gamma-Aminobutryic acid (GABA) is … and located in…

A

excitatory
inhibitory
brain

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20
Q

ANS is responsible for ….
Includes … and …
Works …. systems to maintain homeostasis.
Neural pathways contain …. neurons that synapse into an automatic ganglion. These ganglion consist of 2 fibers … (in brain or spinal cord) and …. (outside the CNS).

A 
involuntary body functions
SNS
PNS
Antagonistic 
2
preganglionic 
postganglionic
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21
Q

SNS is aka …
Increases level of activity of what systems in the body?
Augmented by increased …. secretions (adrenaline/noradrenaline)

A 
fight or flight
cardio
respiratory
neuro
adrenal medulla
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22
Q

In the SNS, most preganglionic fibers release …. and these fibers are termed …..
Most postganglionic fibers release… and they are termed …. except for postganglionic fibers in sweat glands in the BV of skeletal muscles, these are termed ….

A 
acetylcholine
cholinergic
norepinephrine
adrenergic
cholinergic
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23
Q

Cholinergic receptors in the SNS on postganglionic neurons are …. and are always….

A

nicotinic

stimulated

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24
Q

Adrenergic receptors are on the …. organ. Examples are ….. and …. on the ….muscle.

A

effector
alpha (norepinephrine)
beta (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
heart

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25
``` PNS aids in ... Stimulates.... Ganglion is close to .... Major nerve .... innervates ... and ... ```
``` recovery after sympathetic activity digestive system effector organ vagus heart and GI tract ```
26
PNS acetylcholine is released by ... and .... | Receptors are ... in PNS and include .... and ....
``` preganglionic postganglionic cholinergic nicotinic muscarinic ```
27
Nicotinic receptors in PNS are on .... neurons and stimulated by .... Muscarinic receptors in PNS are on .... and stimulated or inhibited by ...
postganglionic acetylcholine effector organs acetylcholine
28
Intracranial pressure is when the skull is ... and .... Fluids are .... There is an increase in pressure in the skull due to .... or .... This increased pressure will compress... and .... which will lead to .... and ....
rigid and nonexpendable not compressible expansion of fluids or tissues (mass) brain tissue and blood vessels less arterial blood entering the area ischemia and eventual infarction of brain tissue
29
Intracranial pressure will gradually spread through CNS causing widespread loss of function, in what conditions does this normally occur?
``` brain hemorrhage trauma cerebral edema infection tumors ```
30
How do radionuclides diagnose cerebral injuries? | How does a lumbar puncture?
track perfusion in CNS | check pressure and analyze CSF
31
Benign and malignant tumors .....life-threatening.
can be
32
Primary malignant tumors ....
rarely metastasize outside CNS
33
Secondary tumors from breast or lung tumors cause ...
similar effects to those of primary brain tumors
34
3 examples of brain tumors
gliomas meningioma adenoma
35
Gliomas are the .... | They are classified according to and location of ...
largest category of primary malignant tumors cell origin tumor
36
Meningioma
tumors of meninges
37
Adenoma
tumors of pituitary gland
38
Primary malignant brain tumors usually have .... are ... have .... difficult to ....
no well-defined margins invasive irregular projections into adjacent tissue totally remove
39
Vascular disorders can be ... or ...
hemorrhagic or ischemic
40
Hemorrhage increases... | produces .... and ....
ICP local ischemia generalized symptoms associated with ICP
41
Global cerebral ischemia is due to .... | .... can occur if not reversed quickly.
circulatory shock | brain death
42
TIAs result from .... There is often ...occlusion of artery due to ... or ... Can be caused by ... or .... and may be a warning sign before ...
temporary localized reduction of blood flow in brain partial atheroma or small embolus vascular spasm or local loss of autoregulation stroke
43
CVAs are .... of brain tissue due to lack of blood supply from ... or .... ...minutes of ischemia causes irreversible nerve cell damage.
infarction (necrosis) ischemia or intracerebral hemorrhage 5
44
Ischemia in CVA is .... occlusion of cerebral blood vessel. .... is most common but ... can be another cause.
total atheroma embolus
45
Intracerebral hemorrhage is a rupture of .... in patient with hypertension. In this, .... are damaged than in ischemia. Complicated by secondary effects from.... in brain like ...or ....
``` cerebral artery larger areas bleeding vasospasm edema ```
46
Treatment of CVA: "clot-busting agents" surgical interventions glucocorticoids
tPA, streptokinase to relieve carotid obstruction to reduce edema
47
Cerebral aneurysms are .... in the wall of an artery. It will present as .... Usually at points of ...
localized dilation bulging bifurcation
48
Cerebral aneurysms are initially ... and .... They enlarge over time. They are often aggravated by .... May rupture from .... Two types of ruptures and what they cause...
small and asymptomatic hypertension sudden increase in blood pressure slow bleed- vascular type headache massive tear- sudden death
49
How to treat cerebral aneurysms?
surgery right before rupture | antihypertensive drugs
50
``` Meningitis is a ... infection of meninges in CNS. How? Infection spread rapidly through ... No localized .... Infection --> inflammation --> ... ```
bacterial via blood direct access through wounds to covering of brain mass of infection or focal signs increased ICP, edema
51
Brain abscess is a ... infection frequently in ... or ... lobes. There is ... of tissue and ... of surrounding area. May result from .... Treatments...
localized frontal or temporal necrosis edema spread of bacteria from ear, throat, sinus, tooth, lung; septic emboli; acute bacterial endocarditis; site of injury or surgery surgical drainage, antimicrobial therapy
52
Encephalitis is an infection of ... or .... .... and ... develop and result in permanent damage. Usually of ... origin (spread by...)
parenchymal (connective tissue in brain) and/or spinal cord necrosis and inflammation viral mosquitos
53
Encephalitis can be caused by ... disease.
lyme
54
Rabies is .... travels along ... to ... causing ... and ... Also travels to .... causing difficulty ... and ....
hydrophobic peripheral nerves CNS necrosis and inflammation salivary glands swallowing foaming at the mouth
55
Tetanus is caused by .... Spores can survive in soil for ... Tetanus is a .... and inhibits .... release. This will .... LMN--> ...
bacillus, Clostridium tetani years exotoxin GABA disinhibit hyperactivity of voluntary muscles resulting in rigidity and spasms
56
Poliomyelitis attacks motor neurons of ... and ...
spinal cord and medulla
57
Guillain-Barre syndrome aka Inflammatory condition of ... Cause is thought to be ....
post-infectious polyneuritis PNS abnormal autoimmune response to viral infection or immunization. results in inflammation, demyelination and axon destruction but is temporary
58
Reye syndrome results in pathologic changes in ... and ... The brain is severely impaired by .... Liver is ... and develops ... which can cause acute failure.
brain and liver cerebral edema enlarged fatty changes in tissue
59
Parkinsons patients have decreased number of ... in ...
dopamine secreting neurons in substantia nigra
60
ALS -
no muscle nourishment | degenerative hardening of lateral corticospinal tract
61
ALS is a progressive degenerative disease affecting .... Upper motor neurons are in the .... Lower motor neurons are in the ...
motor neurons cerebral cortex brainstem and spinal cord
62
Upper motor neurons are responsible for ....and a defect causes ...
sending messages between cerebral cortex and spine motor movement spasticity
63
Lower motor neurons are responsible for ...and a defect causes ...
relaying messages from spine to muscles and prevents excessive muscle movement flaccidity
64
What is unaffected in ALS?
cognition | sensory neurons and neurons of the eye muscles
65
``` In ALS there is no .... The loss of UMN will result in ... The loss of LMN will result in ... Progressive muscle weakness and loss of .... No ..... Death occurs due to ... ```
inflammation around nerves spastic paralysis and hyperreflexia flaccid paralysis and decreased reflexes fine motor coordination remission respiratory failure
66
Myasthenia Gravis is ... onset in women... in men.... ....are more frequently affected.
muscle weakness women under 40 men over 60 women
67
Myasthenia Gravis is an ... disorder. There is an .... to the ....receptor at the NMJ. Because of this there is .... of receptors and a prevention of further muscle stimulation.
autoimmune auto-antibody acetylcholine destruction
68
75% patients with myasthenia Gravis have a .... disorder.
thymus
69
Huntington's disease is a .... disorder. There is a mutation of the ... gene that repeats.
trinucleotide | Huntingtin
70
Huntington's disease is progressive ... of brain particularly in .. and ... There is depletion of ... in basal nuclei. Levels of acetylcholine in brain appears to be ...
atrophy basal ganglia and frontal cortex GABA reduced
71
Dementia is progressive disease with decreased .....
corticol
72
Alzheimers disease is progressive .... There are ... and ... Acetylcholine .... due to loss of neurons.
corticol atrophy neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques deficit
73
Supratentorial lesions
cerebral hemispheres
74
Infratentorial lesions
brain stem (affects motor and sensory fibers) respiratory and circulatory function and level of consciousness
75
Left hemisphere responsible for ... | Right...
logical thinking and communication behavioral problems, decreased appreciation for art and music
76
Expressive aphasia
inability to speak or write
77
Receptive aphasia
inability to read or understand
78
Global aphasia
combo of expressive and receptive
79
With increased ICP, vital signs are often...
increased BP and decreased HR
80
Clinical signs of meningitis
kernigs sign | brudzinskis sign
81
Kernigs sign
resistance to leg extension when lying with hip flexed
82
Brudzinskis sign
neck flexion causes flexion of hip and knee

Pathophysiology (20 decks)

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