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Pathophysiology > Neurologic Disorders > Flashcards

Neurologic Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons are very sensitive to levels of …. and ….

Axons conduct impulses …. cell body. Dendrites conduct impulses …. cell body.

A

oxygen and glucose
away
toward

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2
Q

Myelin sheath that covers nerve fibers can be formed by … and …. This sheath serves as ….
Gaps in between the sheaths are called …. This is where the action potential is generated and axon collaterals may …
These gaps ….impulse conduction.

A 
oligodendroglia (CNS) and schwann cells (PNS)
insulation
Nodes of Ranvier 
emerge 
speed up
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3
Q

Neuroglia are …. there are 4….

A 
supportive cells
astroglia 
oligodendroglia 
microglia 
schwann cells
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4
Q

Astroglia do what two things?

A

provide link between neurons and capillaries

contribute to blood-brain barrier

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5
Q

Oligodendroglia provide

A

myelin for axons in the CNS

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6
Q

Microglia are responsible for …

A

phagocytic activity

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7
Q

Neurons are …. meaning they do not divide.
In the CNS, neurons …. regenerate.
In the PNS, neurons … regenerate.

A

post mitotic
do not
do, if the cell body is viable

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8
Q

Polarity across a plasma membrane is due to…

Specifically…

A

unequal distribution of ions across membrane.

Na and K ions inside and outside the cell.

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9
Q

Sodium-potassium pump moves … Na … and …. K ….

A

3 out

2 in

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10
Q

Is it more negative charge inside or outside the cell?

A

inside

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11
Q

Stimuli to induce an action potential can be from …

A

NT
light
sound
pressure

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12
Q 
Summary of AP:
Depolarization due to ....
Generation of AP
Repolarization due to ....
Sodium-potassium pump moving ions into their normal position.
A

sodium influx

outward movement of potassium

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13
Q

In chemical NT, upon stimulus, they are released into the synaptic cleft and they will ….
To be removed, NT will either be … or ….

A

depolarize postsynaptic neuron dendrites
degraded/inactivated by enzyme
reuptaken into presynaptic axon

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14
Q

Acetylcholine is located in 2 places usually and 1 place less commonly….
It is degraded by …

A

NMJ
peripheral nervous system
CNS
acetylcholine esterase

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15
Q

Acetylcholine is …. and ….

In the peripheral nervous system it is released as part of the …. in both SNS and PNS

A

excitatory and inhibitory

ANS

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16
Q 
Catecholamines are present in ... 
These include (3)
A

the brain
epinephrine
norepinephrine
dopamine

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17
Q

Epinephrine is part of the …and is …
Norepinephrine is part of the … and …and is …
Dopamine is ….

A 
SNS
excitatory
NMJ
SNS
excitatory
inhibitory and excitatory
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18
Q

Serotonin is present in … and …
It regulates ….
Is implicated in….
It is …

A 
CNS
GI
behavior, sleep, digestive processes
mood changes
inhibitory
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19
Q

Glutamate is …

gamma-Aminobutryic acid (GABA) is … and located in…

A

excitatory
inhibitory
brain

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20
Q

ANS is responsible for ….
Includes … and …
Works …. systems to maintain homeostasis.
Neural pathways contain …. neurons that synapse into an automatic ganglion. These ganglion consist of 2 fibers … (in brain or spinal cord) and …. (outside the CNS).

A 
involuntary body functions
SNS
PNS
Antagonistic 
2
preganglionic 
postganglionic
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21
Q

SNS is aka …
Increases level of activity of what systems in the body?
Augmented by increased …. secretions (adrenaline/noradrenaline)

A 
fight or flight
cardio
respiratory
neuro
adrenal medulla
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22
Q

In the SNS, most preganglionic fibers release …. and these fibers are termed …..
Most postganglionic fibers release… and they are termed …. except for postganglionic fibers in sweat glands in the BV of skeletal muscles, these are termed ….

A 
acetylcholine
cholinergic
norepinephrine
adrenergic
cholinergic
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23
Q

Cholinergic receptors in the SNS on postganglionic neurons are …. and are always….

A

nicotinic

stimulated

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24
Q

Adrenergic receptors are on the …. organ. Examples are ….. and …. on the ….muscle.

A

effector
alpha (norepinephrine)
beta (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
heart

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25
Q 
PNS aids in ... 
Stimulates....
Ganglion is close to .... 
Major nerve .... 
innervates ... and ...
A 
recovery after sympathetic activity
digestive system
effector organ
vagus 
heart and GI tract
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26
Q

PNS acetylcholine is released by … and ….

Receptors are … in PNS and include …. and ….

A 
preganglionic 
postganglionic 
cholinergic 
nicotinic
muscarinic
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27
Q

Nicotinic receptors in PNS are on …. neurons and stimulated by ….
Muscarinic receptors in PNS are on …. and stimulated or inhibited by …

A

postganglionic
acetylcholine
effector organs
acetylcholine

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28
Q

Intracranial pressure is when the skull is … and ….
Fluids are ….
There is an increase in pressure in the skull due to …. or ….
This increased pressure will compress… and …. which will lead to …. and ….

A

rigid and nonexpendable

not compressible

expansion of fluids or tissues (mass)

brain tissue and blood vessels

less arterial blood entering the area

ischemia and eventual infarction of brain tissue

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29
Q

Intracranial pressure will gradually spread through CNS causing widespread loss of function, in what conditions does this normally occur?

A 
brain hemorrhage
trauma
cerebral edema
infection
tumors
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30
Q

How do radionuclides diagnose cerebral injuries?

How does a lumbar puncture?

A

track perfusion in CNS

check pressure and analyze CSF

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31
Q

Benign and malignant tumors …..life-threatening.

A

can be

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32
Q

Primary malignant tumors ….

A

rarely metastasize outside CNS

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33
Q

Secondary tumors from breast or lung tumors cause …

A

similar effects to those of primary brain tumors

34
Q

3 examples of brain tumors

A

gliomas
meningioma
adenoma

35
Q

Gliomas are the ….

They are classified according to and location of …

A

largest category of primary malignant tumors
cell origin
tumor

36
Q

Meningioma

A

tumors of meninges

37
Q

Adenoma

A

tumors of pituitary gland

38
Q

Primary malignant brain tumors usually have ….
are …
have ….
difficult to ….

A

no well-defined margins
invasive
irregular projections into adjacent tissue
totally remove

39
Q

Vascular disorders can be … or …

A

hemorrhagic or ischemic

40
Q

Hemorrhage increases…

produces …. and ….

A

ICP
local ischemia
generalized symptoms associated with ICP

41
Q

Global cerebral ischemia is due to ….

…. can occur if not reversed quickly.

A

circulatory shock

brain death

42
Q

TIAs result from ….
There is often …occlusion of artery due to … or …
Can be caused by … or …. and may be a warning sign before …

A

temporary localized reduction of blood flow in brain

partial

atheroma or small embolus

vascular spasm or local loss of autoregulation

stroke

43
Q

CVAs are …. of brain tissue due to lack of blood supply from … or ….
…minutes of ischemia causes irreversible nerve cell damage.

A

infarction (necrosis)

ischemia or intracerebral hemorrhage

5

44
Q

Ischemia in CVA is …. occlusion of cerebral blood vessel. …. is most common but … can be another cause.

A

total
atheroma
embolus

45
Q

Intracerebral hemorrhage is a rupture of …. in patient with hypertension.
In this, …. are damaged than in ischemia. Complicated by secondary effects from…. in brain like …or ….

A 
cerebral artery
larger areas 
bleeding 
vasospasm
edema
46
Q

Treatment of CVA:
“clot-busting agents”
surgical interventions
glucocorticoids

A

tPA, streptokinase
to relieve carotid obstruction
to reduce edema

47
Q

Cerebral aneurysms are …. in the wall of an artery. It will present as ….
Usually at points of …

A

localized dilation
bulging
bifurcation

48
Q

Cerebral aneurysms are initially … and ….
They enlarge over time.
They are often aggravated by ….
May rupture from ….
Two types of ruptures and what they cause…

A

small and asymptomatic

hypertension

sudden increase in blood pressure

slow bleed- vascular type headache
massive tear- sudden death

49
Q

How to treat cerebral aneurysms?

A

surgery right before rupture

antihypertensive drugs

50
Q 
Meningitis is a ... infection of meninges in CNS. 
How? 
Infection spread rapidly through ... 
No localized .... 
Infection --> inflammation --> ...
A

bacterial

via blood

direct access through wounds to covering of brain

mass of infection or focal signs

increased ICP, edema

51
Q

Brain abscess is a … infection frequently in … or … lobes.
There is … of tissue and … of surrounding area.
May result from ….
Treatments…

A

localized

frontal or temporal

necrosis

edema

spread of bacteria from ear, throat, sinus, tooth, lung; septic emboli; acute bacterial endocarditis; site of injury or surgery

surgical drainage, antimicrobial therapy

52
Q

Encephalitis is an infection of … or ….
…. and … develop and result in permanent damage.
Usually of … origin (spread by…)

A

parenchymal (connective tissue in brain) and/or spinal cord

necrosis and inflammation

viral

mosquitos

53
Q

Encephalitis can be caused by … disease.

A

lyme

54
Q

Rabies is ….
travels along … to … causing … and …
Also travels to …. causing difficulty … and ….

A

hydrophobic

peripheral nerves

CNS

necrosis and inflammation

salivary glands

swallowing

foaming at the mouth

55
Q

Tetanus is caused by ….
Spores can survive in soil for …
Tetanus is a …. and inhibits …. release.
This will …. LMN–> …

A

bacillus, Clostridium tetani

years

exotoxin

GABA

disinhibit

hyperactivity of voluntary muscles resulting in rigidity and spasms

56
Q

Poliomyelitis attacks motor neurons of … and …

A

spinal cord and medulla

57
Q

Guillain-Barre syndrome aka
Inflammatory condition of …
Cause is thought to be ….

A

post-infectious polyneuritis

PNS

abnormal autoimmune response to viral infection or immunization. results in inflammation, demyelination and axon destruction but is temporary

58
Q

Reye syndrome results in pathologic changes in … and …
The brain is severely impaired by ….
Liver is … and develops … which can cause acute failure.

A

brain and liver

cerebral edema

enlarged

fatty changes in tissue

59
Q

Parkinsons patients have decreased number of … in …

A

dopamine secreting neurons in substantia nigra

60
Q

ALS -

A

no muscle nourishment

degenerative hardening of lateral corticospinal tract

61
Q

ALS is a progressive degenerative disease affecting ….
Upper motor neurons are in the ….
Lower motor neurons are in the …

A

motor neurons

cerebral cortex

brainstem and spinal cord

62
Q

Upper motor neurons are responsible for ….and a defect causes …

A

sending messages between cerebral cortex and spine motor movement

spasticity

63
Q

Lower motor neurons are responsible for …and a defect causes …

A

relaying messages from spine to muscles and prevents excessive muscle movement

flaccidity

64
Q

What is unaffected in ALS?

A

cognition

sensory neurons and neurons of the eye muscles

65
Q 
In ALS there is no .... 
The loss of UMN will result in ...
The loss of LMN will result in ...
Progressive muscle weakness and loss of .... 
No .....
Death occurs due to ...
A

inflammation around nerves

spastic paralysis and hyperreflexia

flaccid paralysis and decreased reflexes

fine motor coordination

remission

respiratory failure

66
Q

Myasthenia Gravis is …
onset in women…
in men….
….are more frequently affected.

A

muscle weakness
women under 40
men over 60
women

67
Q

Myasthenia Gravis is an … disorder. There is an …. to the ….receptor at the NMJ. Because of this there is …. of receptors and a prevention of further muscle stimulation.

A

autoimmune

auto-antibody

acetylcholine

destruction

68
Q

75% patients with myasthenia Gravis have a …. disorder.

A

thymus

69
Q

Huntington’s disease is a …. disorder. There is a mutation of the … gene that repeats.

A

trinucleotide

Huntingtin

70
Q

Huntington’s disease is progressive … of brain particularly in .. and …
There is depletion of … in basal nuclei.
Levels of acetylcholine in brain appears to be …

A

atrophy

basal ganglia and frontal cortex

GABA

reduced

71
Q

Dementia is progressive disease with decreased …..

A

corticol

72
Q

Alzheimers disease is progressive ….
There are … and …
Acetylcholine …. due to loss of neurons.

A

corticol atrophy
neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques
deficit

73
Q

Supratentorial lesions

A

cerebral hemispheres

74
Q

Infratentorial lesions

A

brain stem (affects motor and sensory fibers)

respiratory and circulatory function and level of consciousness

75
Q

Left hemisphere responsible for …

Right…

A

logical thinking and communication

behavioral problems, decreased appreciation for art and music

76
Q

Expressive aphasia

A

inability to speak or write

77
Q

Receptive aphasia

A

inability to read or understand

78
Q

Global aphasia

A

combo of expressive and receptive

79
Q

With increased ICP, vital signs are often…

A

increased BP and decreased HR

80
Q

Clinical signs of meningitis

A

kernigs sign

brudzinskis sign

81
Q

Kernigs sign

A

resistance to leg extension when lying with hip flexed

82
Q

Brudzinskis sign

A

neck flexion causes flexion of hip and knee

Pathophysiology (20 decks)

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