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MLT Program > Urinalysis Exam 1 > Flashcards

Urinalysis Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which is a disadvantage for using refrigeration as a preservative with urine specimens?

A

Precipitates amorphous phosphates and urates

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2
Q

Which of the following statements about the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is correct?

A

It increases blood pressure by increasing sodium and water retention

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3
Q

A urine specimen containing the substances indicated is kept unpreserved at room temperature for 4 hours. Identify the probable change to Nitrite.

A

Increases

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4
Q

Which of the following components is responsible for concentrating urine?

A

Juxtamedullary nephron

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5
Q

Where does active reabsorption of glucose, proteins, and sodium primarily occur?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

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6
Q

What are the two distinct areas of the kidney?

A

Cortex and medulla

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7
Q

A urine specimen containing the substances indicated is kept unpreserved at room temperature for 4 hours. Identify the probable change to Protein.

A

No change

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8
Q

Creatinine clearance can be used to measure:

A

Glomerular filtration rate

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9
Q

Which type of urine specimen is most concentrated?

A

First Morning

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10
Q

Which structure in the kidney is the site of plasma filtration?

A

Glomeruli

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11
Q

Anuria is most likely caused by?

A

Kidney damage or decreased cardiac output

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12
Q

What is GFR short for?

A

Glomerular filtration rate

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13
Q

Which of the following specimens usually eliminates contamination of the urine with entities from the external genitalia and the distal urethra?

A

Midstream “clean catch” specimen

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14
Q

A urine specimen containing the substances indicated is kept unpreserved at room temperature for 4 hours. Identify the probable change to Bacteria.

A

Increases

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15
Q

The required specimen for quantitative analysis of urinary constituents is the:

A

Timed specimen

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16
Q

To determine if a specimen is urine, measure the concentrations of:

A

Urea and creatinine

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17
Q

Where should labels on urine specimen containers be placed?

A

Container

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18
Q

What are the components of the GFR equation?

A

UV/P * (1.73/BSA) = GFR

(Uncorrected)
U = Urine creatinine level (mg/dL)
V = Urine volume (mg) / collection time (minutes)
P = Plasma/serum creatinine level (mg/dL)
(Corrected)
1.73 = average BSA
BSA = patient’s body surface area

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19
Q

Which organ is responsible for filtering blood in the urinary system?

A

Kidney

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20
Q

What is a common use for a first morning urine specimen?

A

Pregnancy screening

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21
Q

Which of the following is a term for decreased urine output of less than 400 mL/day?

A

Oliguria

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22
Q

The glomerular filtration barrier is composed of which of the following:

A

Capillary endothelium, basement membrane, and podocytes

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23
Q

Which specimen collection method is used to eliminate contamination and collect a midstream sample?

A

Midstream “Clean Catch”

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24
Q

Which hormone acts upon the collecting ducts to increase water reabsorption?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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25
Q

Blood flows through the nephron in the following order:

A

Afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, vase recta

26
Q

Which pressure drives the plasma filtrate to leave the glomerular capillaries?

A

Hydrostatic pressure

27
Q

What is the equation for GFR?

A

UV/P * (1.73/BSA) = GFR

28
Q

What volume of urine is typically required for routine urinalysis?

A

10 – 15 mL

29
Q

A urine specimen containing the substances indicated is kept unpreserved at room temperature for 4 hours. Identify the probable change to Glucose.

A

Decreases

30
Q

Which analyte plays a role in all three acid-base regulation mechanisms in the kidneys?

A

Bicarbonate

31
Q

Given the following information, calculated the creatinine clearance: 24-hour urine volume = 1000 mL/day. Serum creatinine = 2.0 mg/dL. Urine creatinine = 200 mg/dL.

A

69 mL/min

32
Q

For general screening the most frequently collected specimen is a:

A

Random specimen

33
Q

A urine specimen containing the substances indicated is kept unpreserved at room temperature for 4 hours. Identify the probable change to Urobilinogen.

A

Decreases

34
Q

A 56-year-old male patient submits a 24-hour urine for creatinine clearance. The patient is a type 2 diabetic and is submitting a sample to accesses his kidney damage. The volume of the sample submitted is 2010 mL. The urine creatinine is 110 mg/dL, and the plasma creatinine is 1.8 mg/dL. The patient has a BSA of 1.85. What is the creatinine clearance?

A

80 mL/min

35
Q

What happens to glucose in an unpreserved urine specimen left at room temperature overnight:

A

Glucose level decreases

36
Q

Which of the following is not a function of the kidneys?

A

Production of insulin

37
Q

Which of the following will not cause erroneous results in a 24-hour timed urine collection?

A

The collection starts and ends in the evening

38
Q

What is the minimum volume of urine necessary per day to eliminate the body’s daily solutes?

A

500 mL

39
Q

Which of the following can occur if a urine specimen is not properly preserved?

A

Bacteria proliferate and multiply

40
Q

A urine specimen containing the substances indicated is kept unpreserved at room temperature for 4 hours. Identify the probable change to pH.

A

Increases

41
Q

Which artery supplies blood to the kidneys?

A

Renal artery

42
Q

What should be done if a urine specimen cannot be tested within 2 hours of collection?

A

Refrigerate until ready

43
Q

Which type of urine collection involves puncturing the abdominal wall to collect directly from the bladder?

A

Suprapubic aspiration

44
Q

The largest source of error when conducting a creatinine clearance test is:

A

Improperly timed urine specimens

45
Q

The hormone aldosterone is responsible for:

A

Sodium retention

46
Q

A urine specimen containing the substances indicated is kept unpreserved at room temperature for 4 hours. Identify the probable change to Ketones.

A

Decreases

47
Q

The approximate number of nephrons contained in each kidney is:

A

1,000,000

48
Q

Which specimen type is collected at a specific time and used to measure substances like urobilinogen when maximal excretion occurs?

A

Timed specimen

49
Q

In the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone (R-A-A) system, what triggers the release of renin?

A

Decreased blood volume

50
Q

The functional unit of the kidney is the:

A

Nephron

51
Q

The ureters connect the kidneys to which structure?

A

Bladder

52
Q

What is the normal urine output per day in the healthy individual?

A

600 – 1800 mL/day

53
Q

What does a high serum level of Cystatin C indicate?

A

Decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

54
Q

Failure to empty the bladder before beginning the collection of a timed urine specimen will:

A

Cause falsely increased results

55
Q

What percent of the original ultrafiltrate formed in the urinary space actually is excreted as urine?

A

1%

56
Q

The recommended specimen for routine urinalysis testing is the:

A

First morning specimen

57
Q

A urine specimen containing the substances indicated is kept unpreserved at room temperature for 4 hours. Identify the probable change to Bilirubin.

A

Decreases

58
Q

What is the role of podocytes in the kidney?

A

Part of the glomerular filtration barrier

59
Q

Before analysis, a refrigerated urine specimen must be:

A

Returned to room temperature

60
Q

An individual is considered to be in complete kidney failure if they have an eGFR of:

A

<15 mL/min/1.73m2

61
Q

What percentage of urine is made up of water?

A

95%

62
Q

The primary chemical affected by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is:

A

Sodium

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