Anatomy & Physiology Exam 2 Flashcards
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
Support, protection of vital organs, red and white blood cell production, mineral storage, homeostasis
What are the functions of the muscular system?
Movement, heat generation, stabilization, organ volume
Which bones are long bones?
Clavicle, Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Metacarpals, Phalanges, Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Metatarsals, Phalanges.
Which bones are flat bones?
Parietal, Lacrimal, Frontal, Nasal, Occipital, Vomer, Scapula, Sternum, Rib, Coxal
What is yellow bone marrow?
Triglycerides.
Describe the epiphyseal plate
Point of elongation in long bones.
Describe the epiphysis.
The rounded end of a long bone on which articular cartilage is present
Describe the diaphysis.
Shaft of long bone
Describe the articular cartilage.
Hyaline cartilage on epiphysis
Describe the periosteum.
Connective tissue on bones
Describe the endosteum.
Inner lining tissue of bone cavities
What is the difference between, osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts?
-genic are stem cells that develop into -blast, -blast builds bone, -cyte is mature, -clast live in lacunae
Where is fat stored in the skeletal system?
Yellow bone marrow
What is the effect of stress and exercise on bone?
Strengthen bones
How many bones are in the adult human skeleton?
206
What is the total number of adult vertebrae?
26
What are the anatomical names for the upper jaw? the lower jaw? the cheek bones?
Maxilla, Mandible, Zygomatic Bones
What is the bone that does not articulate with any other bone?
Hyoid Bone
What is the name for the study of joints?
Arthrology
What is the term for a joint displacement?
Dislocation
What is the term for joint inflammation?
Arthritis
What is the term for pain relief?
Analgesia
What are the classifications of freely movable, slightly movable and immovable joints called?
Diarthroses, Amphiarthroses, Synarthroses.
What is a gomphosis?
Joints for teeth
Describe a synovial joint.
Fluid-filled in synovial membrane
What is the difference between flexion and extension?
Flexion decreases the angle of the joint and extension increases it.
Describe abduction and adduction.
Abduction moves laterally and adduction moves medially
What type of joint is the knee joint?
Hinge joint
What type of joint is the shoulder joint?
Ball and Socket joint
What type of joint is the hip joint?
Ball and Socket joint
What type of joint is the elbow joint?
Hinge joint
What is the difference between epimysium, perimysium and endomysium?
-epi covers bundle, -peri covers fascicles, -endo covers fiber
Define the limit of a sarcomere.
Z-disc distance
What is myoglobin?
O binding protein in muscles
What is acetylcholine?
The neurotransmitter between muscle and motor neuron
Where is calcium stored in a skeletal muscle fiber?
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
What substance initiates skeletal muscle contractions?
Ca+
Define tetanus.
Sustained muscle contraction
Which muscles are striated?
Skeletal and Cardiac
Which muscles have intercalated discs?
Cardiac
What energy does skeletal muscle use?
ATP
What is the difference between the point of origin and insertion of a muscle?
Origin is anchored, insertion is movable
What is the name for a muscle that has 2 origins? 3 origins? 4 origins?
Biceps, Triceps, Quadriceps
What is the branch of medicine that deals with normal functioning and disorders of the nervous system?
Neurology
What are the two body systems that maintain homeostasis?
Endocrine and Nervous systems
What is the difference between afferent and efferent neurons?
Afferent moves toward CNS, efferent moves away from CNS
What is the function of an axon?
conducts impulses away from neuron cell body
What are effectors?
muscles and glands
What constitutes the CNS?
Brain and spinal cord
What constitutes the PNS?
nerves
What is the enteric nervous system?
Digestive system’s nervous system; GI tract, stimulates smooth muscles
What are the functions of Schwann cells?
Produce myelin sheathe in PNS
What are the functions of oligodendrocytes?
Produce myelin sheathe in CNS
What are the functions of microglia?
Phagocytic cells
What are the functions of astrocytes?
Blood-brain barrier
What are the functions of satellite cells?
Maintain nourishment in PNS
What are the functions of Ependymal cells?
Help flow of CSF
List the stages of an action potential.
Depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization
List the 3 layers that surround the brain and spinal cord.
- Dura matar
- Arachnoid matar
- Pia matar
Between which layer does the cerebrospinal fluid flow?
Ararchnoid matar and Pia matar
Name the major parts of the brain.
Brain stem, cerebrum, diancephelon, cerebellum
Where is the location of the thalamus?
Diencephalon
What part of the brain is referred to as emotional?
Limbic system
What functions are associated with the limbic system?
Emotion
What functions are associated with the cerebrum?
intellect, thinking
What functions are associated with the thalamus?
Relay station
What functions are associated with the cerebellum?
Gate, posture
What functions are associated with the brain stem?
Breathing, heart beat, respiration
What functions are associated with the occipital lobe?
Vision interpretation
Where does the vagus nerve innervate?
Abdomen, thorax, stomach acid production
Where do the intercostals innervate?
Ribs
What is the difference between a gyrus and a sulcus?
(On cerebrum) Gyri are ridges, Sulci are grooves
What does the word autonomic mean?
self law
What are pre and post synaptic neurons?
preganglionic & postganglionic
What are the neurotransmitters secreted by a somatic motor neuron?
Acetylcholine
What are the neurotransmitters secreted by a parasynpathetic neuron?
——-@#—@
(long, short)
Acetylcholine, Acetylcholine
What are the neurotransmitters secreted by a Preganglionic neuron?
—@#——-@
(short, long)
Acetylcholine
What are the neurotransmitters secreted by a postganglionic neuron?
—@#——-@
(short, long)
Norepinephrine, some epinephrine
What activities are associated with the sympathetic division?
fight/flee
What activities are associated with the parasympathetic division?
rest/digest
