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MLT Program > Anatomy & Physiology Exam 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A

Support, protection of vital organs, red and white blood cell production, mineral storage, homeostasis

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2
Q

What are the functions of the muscular system?

A

Movement, heat generation, stabilization, organ volume

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3
Q

Which bones are long bones?

A

Clavicle, Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Metacarpals, Phalanges, Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Metatarsals, Phalanges.

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4
Q

Which bones are flat bones?

A

Parietal, Lacrimal, Frontal, Nasal, Occipital, Vomer, Scapula, Sternum, Rib, Coxal

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5
Q

What is yellow bone marrow?

A

Triglycerides.

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6
Q

Describe the epiphyseal plate

A

Point of elongation in long bones.

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7
Q

Describe the epiphysis.

A

The rounded end of a long bone on which articular cartilage is present

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8
Q

Describe the diaphysis.

A

Shaft of long bone

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9
Q

Describe the articular cartilage.

A

Hyaline cartilage on epiphysis

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10
Q

Describe the periosteum.

A

Connective tissue on bones

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11
Q

Describe the endosteum.

A

Inner lining tissue of bone cavities

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12
Q

What is the difference between, osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts?

A

-genic are stem cells that develop into -blast, -blast builds bone, -cyte is mature, -clast live in lacunae

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13
Q

Where is fat stored in the skeletal system?

A

Yellow bone marrow

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14
Q

What is the effect of stress and exercise on bone?

A

Strengthen bones

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15
Q

How many bones are in the adult human skeleton?

A

206

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16
Q

What is the total number of adult vertebrae?

A

26

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17
Q

What are the anatomical names for the upper jaw? the lower jaw? the cheek bones?

A

Maxilla, Mandible, Zygomatic Bones

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18
Q

What is the bone that does not articulate with any other bone?

A

Hyoid Bone

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19
Q

What is the name for the study of joints?

A

Arthrology

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20
Q

What is the term for a joint displacement?

A

Dislocation

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21
Q

What is the term for joint inflammation?

A

Arthritis

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22
Q

What is the term for pain relief?

A

Analgesia

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23
Q

What are the classifications of freely movable, slightly movable and immovable joints called?

A

Diarthroses, Amphiarthroses, Synarthroses.

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24
Q

What is a gomphosis?

A

Joints for teeth

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25
Q

Describe a synovial joint.

A

Fluid-filled in synovial membrane

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26
Q

What is the difference between flexion and extension?

A

Flexion decreases the angle of the joint and extension increases it.

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27
Q

Describe abduction and adduction.

A

Abduction moves laterally and adduction moves medially

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28
Q

What type of joint is the knee joint?

A

Hinge joint

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29
Q

What type of joint is the shoulder joint?

A

Ball and Socket joint

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30
Q

What type of joint is the hip joint?

A

Ball and Socket joint

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31
Q

What type of joint is the elbow joint?

A

Hinge joint

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32
Q

What is the difference between epimysium, perimysium and endomysium?

A

-epi covers bundle, -peri covers fascicles, -endo covers fiber

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33
Q

Define the limit of a sarcomere.

A

Z-disc distance

34
Q

What is myoglobin?

A

O binding protein in muscles

35
Q

What is acetylcholine?

A

The neurotransmitter between muscle and motor neuron

36
Q

Where is calcium stored in a skeletal muscle fiber?

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

37
Q

What substance initiates skeletal muscle contractions?

A

Ca+

38
Q

Define tetanus.

A

Sustained muscle contraction

39
Q

Which muscles are striated?

A

Skeletal and Cardiac

40
Q

Which muscles have intercalated discs?

A

Cardiac

41
Q

What energy does skeletal muscle use?

A

ATP

42
Q

What is the difference between the point of origin and insertion of a muscle?

A

Origin is anchored, insertion is movable

43
Q

What is the name for a muscle that has 2 origins? 3 origins? 4 origins?

A

Biceps, Triceps, Quadriceps

44
Q

What is the branch of medicine that deals with normal functioning and disorders of the nervous system?

A

Neurology

45
Q

What are the two body systems that maintain homeostasis?

A

Endocrine and Nervous systems

46
Q

What is the difference between afferent and efferent neurons?

A

Afferent moves toward CNS, efferent moves away from CNS

47
Q

What is the function of an axon?

A

conducts impulses away from neuron cell body

48
Q

What are effectors?

A

muscles and glands

49
Q

What constitutes the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

50
Q

What constitutes the PNS?

A

nerves

51
Q

What is the enteric nervous system?

A

Digestive system’s nervous system; GI tract, stimulates smooth muscles

52
Q

What are the functions of Schwann cells?

A

Produce myelin sheathe in PNS

53
Q

What are the functions of oligodendrocytes?

A

Produce myelin sheathe in CNS

54
Q

What are the functions of microglia?

A

Phagocytic cells

55
Q

What are the functions of astrocytes?

A

Blood-brain barrier

56
Q

What are the functions of satellite cells?

A

Maintain nourishment in PNS

57
Q

What are the functions of Ependymal cells?

A

Help flow of CSF

58
Q

List the stages of an action potential.

A

Depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization

59
Q

List the 3 layers that surround the brain and spinal cord.

A
  1. Dura matar
  2. Arachnoid matar
  3. Pia matar
60
Q

Between which layer does the cerebrospinal fluid flow?

A

Ararchnoid matar and Pia matar

61
Q

Name the major parts of the brain.

A

Brain stem, cerebrum, diancephelon, cerebellum

62
Q

Where is the location of the thalamus?

A

Diencephalon

63
Q

What part of the brain is referred to as emotional?

A

Limbic system

64
Q

What functions are associated with the limbic system?

A

Emotion

65
Q

What functions are associated with the cerebrum?

A

intellect, thinking

66
Q

What functions are associated with the thalamus?

A

Relay station

67
Q

What functions are associated with the cerebellum?

A

Gate, posture

68
Q

What functions are associated with the brain stem?

A

Breathing, heart beat, respiration

69
Q

What functions are associated with the occipital lobe?

A

Vision interpretation

70
Q

Where does the vagus nerve innervate?

A

Abdomen, thorax, stomach acid production

71
Q

Where do the intercostals innervate?

A

Ribs

72
Q

What is the difference between a gyrus and a sulcus?

A

(On cerebrum) Gyri are ridges, Sulci are grooves

73
Q

What does the word autonomic mean?

A

self law

74
Q

What are pre and post synaptic neurons?

A

preganglionic & postganglionic

75
Q

What are the neurotransmitters secreted by a somatic motor neuron?

A

Acetylcholine

76
Q

What are the neurotransmitters secreted by a parasynpathetic neuron?

A

——-@#—@

(long, short)
Acetylcholine, Acetylcholine

77
Q

What are the neurotransmitters secreted by a Preganglionic neuron?

A

—@#——-@

(short, long)
Acetylcholine

78
Q

What are the neurotransmitters secreted by a postganglionic neuron?

A

—@#——-@

(short, long)
Norepinephrine, some epinephrine

79
Q

What activities are associated with the sympathetic division?

A

fight/flee

80
Q

What activities are associated with the parasympathetic division?

A

rest/digest

MLT Program (14 decks)

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