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anatomy & physiology > Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1 Flashcards

Chapters 1-4

1
Q

The science dealing with body functions

A

Physiology

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2
Q

The science dealing with body structure

A

Anatomy

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3
Q

The science dealing with study of cells

A

Cytology

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4
Q

The level of organization when different multiple types of tissues join together is called the

A

Organ

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5
Q

The process by which molecules are broken down to release energy is called

A

Catabolism

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6
Q

examples of organs

A

Brain, Skin, Heart

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7
Q

examples of tissues

A

Connective, Nervous, Epithelial, Muscular

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8
Q

what is homeostasis

A

Maintenance of stable internal environment

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9
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum of all chemical reactions

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10
Q

urinary system

A

Elimination of nitrogenous bases

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11
Q

digestive system

A

Breaks down substances

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12
Q

endocrine system

A

Slow acting response system

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13
Q

integumentary system

A

Cover, protection, vitamin D production, detects stimuli

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14
Q

muscular system

A

Moves skeletal system, produces heat

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15
Q

Which of the following have the best blood supply?
Epithelium, muscle, cartilage, or nerves?

A

muscle

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16
Q

Define matter

A

Anything that is massive and spacious, cannot be broken down further

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17
Q

Define atomic mass, atomic number,

A

Protons + Neutrons, Protons

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18
Q

Difference between organic and inorganic compounds

A

Organic compounds are large and contain carbon

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19
Q

55% to 60% of the body weight is composed of what

A

Water

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20
Q

Properties of enzymes

A

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions; specific to one activity; do not change

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21
Q

What molecule contains approximately 30,000 genes and is found in the cell’s nucleus?

A

DNA

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22
Q

What is the composition of the plasma membrane?

A

Mainly phospholipids, glycoproteins, carbohydrates, cholesterol

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23
Q

Define the cytoplasm and cytosol

A

Cytosol is fluid/gel that suspends organelles. Cytoplasm is cytosol + organelles

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24
Q

Know the permeability of the plasma membrane

A

Selectively permeable; small molecules can more often come through

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25
Q

Define endocytosis, phagocytosis,

A

Bringing in bulk to cell; active transport of larger things, brings in particles as defense; type of endocytosis

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26
Q

Define passive and active transport

A

With concentration gradient, up concentration gradient by using ATP

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27
Q

What process do white blood cells use to destroy bacteria?

A

Phagocytosis

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28
Q

What are the 4 bases of DNA? RNA?

A

TAGC, UAGC

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29
Q

Define apoptosis.

A

Programmed cell death, cancer defies this

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30
Q

Define a pathologist, dermatologist.

A

Tissue changes that study disease, skin doctor

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31
Q

simple columnar epithelium.

A

One layer, longer than wide

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32
Q

pseudostratified epithelium.

A

Look stratified, ciliated

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33
Q

transitional epithelium.

A

In urinary system, expands and contracts

34
Q

cuboidal epithelium.

A

Cube shaped, found in ducts

35
Q

squamous epithelium.

A

Flat cells

36
Q

In which of the above are epithelium are goblet cells found?

A

In simple columnar epithelium

37
Q

Know the distinction between endocrine and exocrine glands

A

Makes hormones inside body and secretes into blood, secretes outside of body; sweat, mammary, sebaceous, lacrimal, salivary

38
Q

Compare connective and epithelial tissues?

A

Lots of matrix and substances; sparse in cells, epithelial is all cells

39
Q

Where are Meissner corpuscles and touch receptors found?

A

Right below epidermis, upper part of dermis

40
Q

first-degree burn.

A

Epidermis

41
Q

second-degree burn.

A

Epidermis + part of dermis

42
Q

third-degree burn.

A

Epidermis + dermis

43
Q

List the types of skin cancer and their frequency

A

Malignant melanoma; low frequency, high malignancy. Basal cell carcinoma; high frequency, low malignancy

44
Q

Which 2 body systems control homeostasis ?

A

Endocrine + Nervous

45
Q

dehydration synthesis.

A

Part of catabolism, removes water to join cells together

46
Q

Anabolism

A

Create with energy

47
Q

Catabolism

A

Break down molecules for energy

48
Q

What are components of the negative feedback systems?

A

Receptor, Control center, Effector

49
Q

Define reproduction

A

Formation of new individual/cell

50
Q

Protons

A

Positively charged particles weighing 1 amu found in nucleus

51
Q

Ion.

A

Atom with charge from difference in electron count

52
Q

What are the chemical symbols for carbon, sodium, hydrogen

A

C, Na, H

53
Q

Which abundant element found in both water molecules and most organic molecules?

A

Hydrogen

54
Q

Which is the most abundant found in the backbone and rings of all organic molecules

A

Carbon

55
Q

Define osmosis

A

Movement of water across semipermeable membrane

56
Q

What is the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane is permeable to?

A

Fat soluble and small molecules

57
Q

What is the plasma membrane Impermeable to?

A

Proteins and other large molecules

58
Q

Define simple diffusion

A

Needs concentration gradient

59
Q

What happens to a normal red blood cell that is placed into a hypotonic, isotonic and
hypertonic solutions

A

Enlarges and lyses, no change, shrinks

60
Q

What solutions is isotonic for normal human red blood cells?

A

0.9% sodium chloride

61
Q

What are the two characteristics that are commonly used to categorize the different
types of covering and lining epithelia?

A

Shape and layers

62
Q

What type of epithelia commonly function in either absorption and secretion?

A

Squamous and columnar

63
Q

What is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Protection (skin)

64
Q

What type of tissue contains a large amount of extracellular matrix?

A

Connective tissue

65
Q

What are the fibers found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue are made of?

A

proteins

66
Q

What is the largest organ in the body

A

Skin

67
Q

Describe the layers of the skin

A

Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

68
Q

Describe the functions of the skin

A

Protection, body temperature regulation, vitamin D production

69
Q

What is keratin?

A

Proteins that compose hair and toughen skin

70
Q

What are melanocytes?

A

Glands that produce melanin

71
Q

Define albinism

A

No melanin production from genetic condition

72
Q

What is the primary function of hair?

A

Protection

73
Q

Which of the following physiological processes are regulated by a positive or negative feedback system?

A

body temperature, >childbirth<, blood pressure, carbon dioxide content in the blood

74
Q

Know the body cavities

A

Dorsal (Cranial, Spinal), Ventral (Thoracic, Abdominal, Pelvic)

75
Q

Building blocks of amino acids

A

R group, amine, hydrogen

76
Q

Most important energy producing molecule in the body

A

ATP

77
Q

pH scale 0-14…acid, base, neutral

A

Acid 0-7, Neutral 7, Base 7-14

78
Q

pH of Blood

A

7.35 - 7.45

79
Q

The basic functional unit of life

A

Cell

80
Q

The structure of nucleotides

A

Base, Sugar, Phosphate

81
Q

Nucleotides

A

T/U, A, G, C

anatomy & physiology (5 decks)

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