Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1 Flashcards
Chapters 1-4
The science dealing with body functions
Physiology
The science dealing with body structure
Anatomy
The science dealing with study of cells
Cytology
The level of organization when different multiple types of tissues join together is called the
Organ
The process by which molecules are broken down to release energy is called
Catabolism
examples of organs
Brain, Skin, Heart
examples of tissues
Connective, Nervous, Epithelial, Muscular
what is homeostasis
Maintenance of stable internal environment
Metabolism
Sum of all chemical reactions
urinary system
Elimination of nitrogenous bases
digestive system
Breaks down substances
endocrine system
Slow acting response system
integumentary system
Cover, protection, vitamin D production, detects stimuli
muscular system
Moves skeletal system, produces heat
Which of the following have the best blood supply?
Epithelium, muscle, cartilage, or nerves?
muscle
Define matter
Anything that is massive and spacious, cannot be broken down further
Define atomic mass, atomic number,
Protons + Neutrons, Protons
Difference between organic and inorganic compounds
Organic compounds are large and contain carbon
55% to 60% of the body weight is composed of what
Water
Properties of enzymes
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions; specific to one activity; do not change
What molecule contains approximately 30,000 genes and is found in the cell’s nucleus?
DNA
What is the composition of the plasma membrane?
Mainly phospholipids, glycoproteins, carbohydrates, cholesterol
Define the cytoplasm and cytosol
Cytosol is fluid/gel that suspends organelles. Cytoplasm is cytosol + organelles
Know the permeability of the plasma membrane
Selectively permeable; small molecules can more often come through
Define endocytosis, phagocytosis,
Bringing in bulk to cell; active transport of larger things, brings in particles as defense; type of endocytosis
Define passive and active transport
With concentration gradient, up concentration gradient by using ATP
What process do white blood cells use to destroy bacteria?
Phagocytosis
What are the 4 bases of DNA? RNA?
TAGC, UAGC
Define apoptosis.
Programmed cell death, cancer defies this
Define a pathologist, dermatologist.
Tissue changes that study disease, skin doctor
simple columnar epithelium.
One layer, longer than wide
pseudostratified epithelium.
Look stratified, ciliated
transitional epithelium.
In urinary system, expands and contracts
cuboidal epithelium.
Cube shaped, found in ducts
squamous epithelium.
Flat cells
In which of the above are epithelium are goblet cells found?
In simple columnar epithelium
Know the distinction between endocrine and exocrine glands
Makes hormones inside body and secretes into blood, secretes outside of body; sweat, mammary, sebaceous, lacrimal, salivary
Compare connective and epithelial tissues?
Lots of matrix and substances; sparse in cells, epithelial is all cells
Where are Meissner corpuscles and touch receptors found?
Right below epidermis, upper part of dermis
first-degree burn.
Epidermis
second-degree burn.
Epidermis + part of dermis
third-degree burn.
Epidermis + dermis
List the types of skin cancer and their frequency
Malignant melanoma; low frequency, high malignancy. Basal cell carcinoma; high frequency, low malignancy
Which 2 body systems control homeostasis ?
Endocrine + Nervous
dehydration synthesis.
Part of catabolism, removes water to join cells together
Anabolism
Create with energy
Catabolism
Break down molecules for energy
What are components of the negative feedback systems?
Receptor, Control center, Effector
Define reproduction
Formation of new individual/cell
Protons
Positively charged particles weighing 1 amu found in nucleus
Ion.
Atom with charge from difference in electron count
What are the chemical symbols for carbon, sodium, hydrogen
C, Na, H
Which abundant element found in both water molecules and most organic molecules?
Hydrogen
Which is the most abundant found in the backbone and rings of all organic molecules
Carbon
Define osmosis
Movement of water across semipermeable membrane
What is the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane is permeable to?
Fat soluble and small molecules
What is the plasma membrane Impermeable to?
Proteins and other large molecules
Define simple diffusion
Needs concentration gradient
What happens to a normal red blood cell that is placed into a hypotonic, isotonic and
hypertonic solutions
Enlarges and lyses, no change, shrinks
What solutions is isotonic for normal human red blood cells?
0.9% sodium chloride
What are the two characteristics that are commonly used to categorize the different
types of covering and lining epithelia?
Shape and layers
What type of epithelia commonly function in either absorption and secretion?
Squamous and columnar
What is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?
Protection (skin)
What type of tissue contains a large amount of extracellular matrix?
Connective tissue
What are the fibers found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue are made of?
proteins
What is the largest organ in the body
Skin
Describe the layers of the skin
Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
Describe the functions of the skin
Protection, body temperature regulation, vitamin D production
What is keratin?
Proteins that compose hair and toughen skin
What are melanocytes?
Glands that produce melanin
Define albinism
No melanin production from genetic condition
What is the primary function of hair?
Protection
Which of the following physiological processes are regulated by a positive or negative feedback system?
body temperature, >childbirth<, blood pressure, carbon dioxide content in the blood
Know the body cavities
Dorsal (Cranial, Spinal), Ventral (Thoracic, Abdominal, Pelvic)
Building blocks of amino acids
R group, amine, hydrogen
Most important energy producing molecule in the body
ATP
pH scale 0-14…acid, base, neutral
Acid 0-7, Neutral 7, Base 7-14
pH of Blood
7.35 - 7.45
The basic functional unit of life
Cell
The structure of nucleotides
Base, Sugar, Phosphate
Nucleotides
T/U, A, G, C
