Anatomy & Physiology Final Flashcards by John Ainsworth

the digestion of proteins into peptides starts in the

stomach

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the breakdown of complex organic molecules into smaller ones is known as

Catabolism

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the exchange of gases between blood in the systemic capillaries and tissue cells is called

Internal respiration

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the C-shaped rings that provide support for the wall of the trachea are made out of

hyaline cartilage

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for air to enter the lungs during inspiration what happens to alveolar pressure?

it decreases

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the tubular structure that connects a kidney to the urinary bladder is the

ureter

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a cell infected by a virus will produce what molecule

Interferons

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vaccination is an example of what type of immunity

active, artificially acquired

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most oxygen in the blood is transported as

Oxyhemoglobin

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the process of expelling urine from the urinary bladder is

mecturation

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in humans, the normal set point for body temperature is

37C, 98.6F

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glucose is stored in the liver and muscles as a large polysaccharide called

Glycogen

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chisel-shaped teeth that are adapted for cutting into food are called

Incisors

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the glomerular filtration rate in a normal adult male is about

180L/day

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the human lungs contain how many alveoli.

300 million

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the pH of extracellular fluid, such as blood plasma, of a healthy person is

7.35 - 7.45; slightly basic

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the major events of chemical digestion and absorption of foods occur in the

small intestine

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which two substances can be absorbed in the stomach?

aspirin, alcohol

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what is the first line of innate defenses against pathogens

Skin, Mucous membranes, Secretions of skin

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the exchange of gases that occurs during external respiration takes place in the

alveoli and capillaries of lungs

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which of the body fluid compartment is the largest?

intracellular

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macrophages develop from circulating blood cells called

monocytes

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what are the functions of calcium in the blood

blood pressure, transmission, muscle contraction, blood clotting

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the basic rhythm of breathing is controlled by the

medulla oblongata

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which structure in the respiratory system is commonly called the Adam’s apple

thyroid cartilage

the urinary bladder is lined by

transitional epithelium

how many molecules of ATP are generated during the complete oxidation of a glucose molecule to CO2?

32 - 38 (choose closest to 30)

tidal volume

500ml; Volume of air moved into or out of the lungs in one breath.

the functional units of the kidneys are called _____.

nephrons

residual volume

1200ml; Air remaining in lung after expiration

chyme is released from the stomach into the

duodenum; first part of the small intestine

what is the main class of antibody that is secreted by plasma cells immediately after the initial exposure to any antigen

IgM (first to be made), then class switch

a normal adult excretes _____ liters of urine per day

1-2

the terminal portion of the urinary system consists of a small tube that extends from the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body called

the urethra

teeth are primarily composed of a bone-like substance called

dentin

synovial fluid is an extracellular fluid found in

joints

in lean adults, body fluid makes up about ____% of total body mass.

50-60%

before being used for energy production, proteins have to be broken down into

amino acids

salivary amylase secreted in the oral cavity starts the digestion of

carbohydrates, starch

bile is produced by what cells

hepatocytes in liver

the distal convoluted tubules empty into the

collecting duct

the first step in urine formation is

glomerular filtration

In the initial response to HIV infection is a modest decline in the number of what cells

Helper T Cells

What are the functions of the kidneys

regulate pH, water, electrolyte balance, remove toxins, control blood pressure, produce erythropoietin, activate vitamin D, excretion of nitrogenous waste, regulation of blood volume

which molecule is found in the urine of a diabetic individual?

glucose

painful or labored breathing is referred to as

dyspnea

how does aspirin reduce fever

blocks production of prostaglandin

for air to exit the lungs during expiration what happens to alveolar pressure?

it increases

the vitamin essential for the formation of photo-pigments in the retina is vitamin ___.

vitamin A

excess carbohydrates in the diet are converted into

triglycerides

which hormone increases reabsorption of water in the collecting ducts by stimulating insertion of water channels into the membranes of tubule cells?

ADH (antidiuretic hormone/vasopresin)

the sight, smell or thought of food activates what phase of digestion.

cephalic phase

the type of body fluid found inside cells is called

intracellular fluid

mother’s milk will provide what type of immunity

passive, naturally acquired

the tongue is primarily composed of what type muscle

skeletal muscle

how much of the total CO2 in the blood is carried as bicarbonate

70%

a physician that specializes in the branch of medicine focusing on problems of the male and female urinary system and the male reproductive system is called

urologist

the Epstein-Barr virus causes what disease?

infectious mononucleosis

Which vitamin is essential for the absorption and utilization of calcium and phosphorus

vitamin D

chemical reactions in which simple substances are built up into more complex substances are called

Anabolism

the mucosa of the stomach contains large folds called

rugea

which is the site of T-cell maturation and selection?

thymus

expiratory reserve volume

1200ml; Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a tidal expiration

which hormone is the main regulator of the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

thyroxine

the most abundant cation in extracellular fluid is

sodium

the thermostat of the human body is located in the

hypothalamus

inspiratory reserve volume

3100 - 3200ml; Amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume

a gram of a carbohydrate in the diet provides about ___ kilocalories (Calories) of energy to the body.

the first portion of the renal tubule emerging from the glomerular capsule is the

proximal convoluted tubule

how is water lost from the body

breathing, sweating, feces, urination

which vitamin can be made by the body from the provitamin called beta-carotene?

vitamin A

minerals constitute about ___ % of the total body weight.

What chemical do the G cells of the gastric glands of the stomach secrete

gastrin

What is the form of the hepatitis that is commonly referred to as “infectious hepatitis”

hepatitis A

The amount of energy derived from nutrients is expressed in

Calories (kilocalories)

the dentin of the root of a tooth is covered by bonelike substance called

cementum

what is the another name for ADH

vasopressin

what cells attack infected host cells in cell-mediated immunity

t cells

worn-out and damaged red blood cells are destroyed in the

spleen

What are the components of the urinary system

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladders, urethra

the thirst center is located in the

hypothalamus

a disease of the respiratory system characterized by the destruction of the alveolar walls is called

Emphysema

what are the 4 signs or symptoms of inflammation

redness, heat, pain, swelling

daily water loss from the body is approximately

2500ml/day

chemical substances in body fluids that prevent rapid changes in pH are called

buffers

pepsinogen is produced by what cells

gastric chief cells

which blood cells are capable of producing antibodies?

B lymphocytes (B cells)

the third step in urine formation is

tubular secretion

vital capacity

4800 ml in men (on test); 3100 ml in women; The total amount of exchangeable air; Vital capacity = TV + IRV + ERV

what percentage of the volume of normal urine is water?

95%

which organ is the largest lymphatic tissue found in the human body?

spleen

the second step in urine formation is

tubular reabsorption

define the term metabolism

The sum of all catabolism and anabolism in an organism

the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid is

potassium

a gram of fat provides about ___ Calories.

gas exchange in the lungs occurs across the respiratory membrane by the process of

diffusion

Which molecules can act as antigens

just about anything, anything that is alien or anything that can provoke an antibody