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Anatomy & Physiology > Anatomy & Physiology Final > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology Final Flashcards

1
Q

the digestion of proteins into peptides starts in the

A

stomach

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2
Q

the breakdown of complex organic molecules into smaller ones is known as

A

Catabolism

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3
Q

the exchange of gases between blood in the systemic capillaries and tissue cells is called

A

Internal respiration

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4
Q

the C-shaped rings that provide support for the wall of the trachea are made out of

A

hyaline cartilage

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5
Q

for air to enter the lungs during inspiration what happens to alveolar pressure?

A

it decreases

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6
Q

the tubular structure that connects a kidney to the urinary bladder is the

A

ureter

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7
Q

a cell infected by a virus will produce what molecule

A

Interferons

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8
Q

vaccination is an example of what type of immunity

A

active, artificially acquired

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9
Q

most oxygen in the blood is transported as

A

Oxyhemoglobin

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10
Q

the process of expelling urine from the urinary bladder is

A

mecturation

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11
Q

in humans, the normal set point for body temperature is

A

37C, 98.6F

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12
Q

glucose is stored in the liver and muscles as a large polysaccharide called

A

Glycogen

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13
Q

chisel-shaped teeth that are adapted for cutting into food are called

A

Incisors

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14
Q

the glomerular filtration rate in a normal adult male is about

A

180L/day

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15
Q

the human lungs contain how many alveoli.

A

300 million

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16
Q

the pH of extracellular fluid, such as blood plasma, of a healthy person is

A

7.35 - 7.45; slightly basic

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17
Q

the major events of chemical digestion and absorption of foods occur in the

A

small intestine

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18
Q

which two substances can be absorbed in the stomach?

A

aspirin, alcohol

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19
Q

what is the first line of innate defenses against pathogens

A

Skin, Mucous membranes, Secretions of skin

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20
Q

the exchange of gases that occurs during external respiration takes place in the

A

alveoli and capillaries of lungs

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21
Q

which of the body fluid compartment is the largest?

A

intracellular

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22
Q

macrophages develop from circulating blood cells called

A

monocytes

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23
Q

what are the functions of calcium in the blood

A

blood pressure, transmission, muscle contraction, blood clotting

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24
Q

the basic rhythm of breathing is controlled by the

A

medulla oblongata

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25
Q

which structure in the respiratory system is commonly called the Adam’s apple

A

thyroid cartilage

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26
Q

the urinary bladder is lined by

A

transitional epithelium

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27
Q

how many molecules of ATP are generated during the complete oxidation of a glucose molecule to CO2?

A

32 - 38 (choose closest to 30)

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28
Q

tidal volume

A

500ml; Volume of air moved into or out of the lungs in one breath.

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29
Q

the functional units of the kidneys are called _____.

A

nephrons

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30
Q

residual volume

A

1200ml; Air remaining in lung after expiration

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31
Q

chyme is released from the stomach into the

A

duodenum; first part of the small intestine

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32
Q

what is the main class of antibody that is secreted by plasma cells immediately after the initial exposure to any antigen

A

IgM (first to be made), then class switch

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33
Q

a normal adult excretes _____ liters of urine per day

A

1-2

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34
Q

the terminal portion of the urinary system consists of a small tube that extends from the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body called

A

the urethra

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35
Q

teeth are primarily composed of a bone-like substance called

A

dentin

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36
Q

synovial fluid is an extracellular fluid found in

A

joints

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37
Q

in lean adults, body fluid makes up about ____% of total body mass.

A

50-60%

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38
Q

before being used for energy production, proteins have to be broken down into

A

amino acids

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39
Q

salivary amylase secreted in the oral cavity starts the digestion of

A

carbohydrates, starch

40
Q

bile is produced by what cells

A

hepatocytes in liver

41
Q

the distal convoluted tubules empty into the

A

collecting duct

42
Q

the first step in urine formation is

A

glomerular filtration

43
Q

In the initial response to HIV infection is a modest decline in the number of what cells

A

Helper T Cells

44
Q

What are the functions of the kidneys

A

regulate pH, water, electrolyte balance, remove toxins, control blood pressure, produce erythropoietin, activate vitamin D, excretion of nitrogenous waste, regulation of blood volume

45
Q

which molecule is found in the urine of a diabetic individual?

A

glucose

46
Q

painful or labored breathing is referred to as

A

dyspnea

47
Q

how does aspirin reduce fever

A

blocks production of prostaglandin

48
Q

for air to exit the lungs during expiration what happens to alveolar pressure?

A

it increases

49
Q

the vitamin essential for the formation of photo-pigments in the retina is vitamin ___.

A

vitamin A

50
Q

excess carbohydrates in the diet are converted into

A

triglycerides

51
Q

which hormone increases reabsorption of water in the collecting ducts by stimulating insertion of water channels into the membranes of tubule cells?

A

ADH (antidiuretic hormone/vasopresin)

52
Q

the sight, smell or thought of food activates what phase of digestion.

A

cephalic phase

53
Q

the type of body fluid found inside cells is called

A

intracellular fluid

54
Q

mother’s milk will provide what type of immunity

A

passive, naturally acquired

55
Q

the tongue is primarily composed of what type muscle

A

skeletal muscle

56
Q

how much of the total CO2 in the blood is carried as bicarbonate

A

70%

57
Q

a physician that specializes in the branch of medicine focusing on problems of the male and female urinary system and the male reproductive system is called

A

urologist

58
Q

the Epstein-Barr virus causes what disease?

A

infectious mononucleosis

59
Q

Which vitamin is essential for the absorption and utilization of calcium and phosphorus

A

vitamin D

60
Q

chemical reactions in which simple substances are built up into more complex substances are called

A

Anabolism

61
Q

the mucosa of the stomach contains large folds called

A

rugea

62
Q

which is the site of T-cell maturation and selection?

A

thymus

63
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

1200ml;
Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a tidal expiration

64
Q

which hormone is the main regulator of the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

A

thyroxine

65
Q

the most abundant cation in extracellular fluid is

A

sodium

66
Q

the thermostat of the human body is located in the

A

hypothalamus

67
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

3100 - 3200ml;
Amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume

68
Q

a gram of a carbohydrate in the diet provides about ___ kilocalories (Calories) of energy to the body.

A

4

69
Q

the first portion of the renal tubule emerging from the glomerular capsule is the

A

proximal convoluted tubule

70
Q

how is water lost from the body

A

breathing, sweating, feces, urination

71
Q

which vitamin can be made by the body from the provitamin called beta-carotene?

A

vitamin A

72
Q

minerals constitute about ___ % of the total body weight.

A

4%

73
Q

What chemical do the G cells of the gastric glands of the stomach secrete

A

gastrin

74
Q

What is the form of the hepatitis that is commonly referred to as “infectious hepatitis”

A

hepatitis A

75
Q

The amount of energy derived from nutrients is expressed in

A

Calories (kilocalories)

76
Q

the dentin of the root of a tooth is covered by bonelike substance called

A

cementum

77
Q

what is the another name for ADH

A

vasopressin

78
Q

what cells attack infected host cells in cell-mediated immunity

A

t cells

79
Q

worn-out and damaged red blood cells are destroyed in the

A

spleen

80
Q

What are the components of the urinary system

A

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladders, urethra

81
Q

the thirst center is located in the

A

hypothalamus

82
Q

a disease of the respiratory system characterized by the destruction of the alveolar walls is called

A

Emphysema

83
Q

what are the 4 signs or symptoms of inflammation

A

redness, heat, pain, swelling

84
Q

daily water loss from the body is approximately

A

2500ml/day

85
Q

chemical substances in body fluids that prevent rapid changes in pH are called

A

buffers

86
Q

pepsinogen is produced by what cells

A

gastric chief cells

87
Q

which blood cells are capable of producing antibodies?

A

B lymphocytes (B cells)

88
Q

the third step in urine formation is

A

tubular secretion

89
Q

vital capacity

A

4800 ml in men (on test);
3100 ml in women;
The total amount of exchangeable air;
Vital capacity = TV + IRV + ERV

90
Q

what percentage of the volume of normal urine is water?

A

95%

91
Q

which organ is the largest lymphatic tissue found in the human body?

A

spleen

92
Q

the second step in urine formation is

A

tubular reabsorption

93
Q

define the term metabolism

A

The sum of all catabolism and anabolism in an organism

94
Q

the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid is

A

potassium

95
Q

a gram of fat provides about ___ Calories.

A

9

96
Q

gas exchange in the lungs occurs across the respiratory membrane by the process of

A

diffusion

97
Q

Which molecules can act as antigens

A

just about anything, anything that is alien or anything that can provoke an antibody

Anatomy & Physiology (5 decks)

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