Anatomy & Physiology Final Flashcards
the digestion of proteins into peptides starts in the
stomach
the breakdown of complex organic molecules into smaller ones is known as
Catabolism
the exchange of gases between blood in the systemic capillaries and tissue cells is called
Internal respiration
the C-shaped rings that provide support for the wall of the trachea are made out of
hyaline cartilage
for air to enter the lungs during inspiration what happens to alveolar pressure?
it decreases
the tubular structure that connects a kidney to the urinary bladder is the
ureter
a cell infected by a virus will produce what molecule
Interferons
vaccination is an example of what type of immunity
active, artificially acquired
most oxygen in the blood is transported as
Oxyhemoglobin
the process of expelling urine from the urinary bladder is
mecturation
in humans, the normal set point for body temperature is
37C, 98.6F
glucose is stored in the liver and muscles as a large polysaccharide called
Glycogen
chisel-shaped teeth that are adapted for cutting into food are called
Incisors
the glomerular filtration rate in a normal adult male is about
180L/day
the human lungs contain how many alveoli.
300 million
the pH of extracellular fluid, such as blood plasma, of a healthy person is
7.35 - 7.45; slightly basic
the major events of chemical digestion and absorption of foods occur in the
small intestine
which two substances can be absorbed in the stomach?
aspirin, alcohol
what is the first line of innate defenses against pathogens
Skin, Mucous membranes, Secretions of skin
the exchange of gases that occurs during external respiration takes place in the
alveoli and capillaries of lungs
which of the body fluid compartment is the largest?
intracellular
macrophages develop from circulating blood cells called
monocytes
what are the functions of calcium in the blood
blood pressure, transmission, muscle contraction, blood clotting
the basic rhythm of breathing is controlled by the
medulla oblongata
which structure in the respiratory system is commonly called the Adam’s apple
thyroid cartilage
the urinary bladder is lined by
transitional epithelium
how many molecules of ATP are generated during the complete oxidation of a glucose molecule to CO2?
32 - 38 (choose closest to 30)
tidal volume
500ml; Volume of air moved into or out of the lungs in one breath.
the functional units of the kidneys are called _____.
nephrons
residual volume
1200ml; Air remaining in lung after expiration
chyme is released from the stomach into the
duodenum; first part of the small intestine
what is the main class of antibody that is secreted by plasma cells immediately after the initial exposure to any antigen
IgM (first to be made), then class switch
a normal adult excretes _____ liters of urine per day
1-2
the terminal portion of the urinary system consists of a small tube that extends from the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body called
the urethra
teeth are primarily composed of a bone-like substance called
dentin
synovial fluid is an extracellular fluid found in
joints
in lean adults, body fluid makes up about ____% of total body mass.
50-60%
before being used for energy production, proteins have to be broken down into
amino acids
salivary amylase secreted in the oral cavity starts the digestion of
carbohydrates, starch
bile is produced by what cells
hepatocytes in liver
the distal convoluted tubules empty into the
collecting duct
the first step in urine formation is
glomerular filtration
In the initial response to HIV infection is a modest decline in the number of what cells
Helper T Cells
What are the functions of the kidneys
regulate pH, water, electrolyte balance, remove toxins, control blood pressure, produce erythropoietin, activate vitamin D, excretion of nitrogenous waste, regulation of blood volume
which molecule is found in the urine of a diabetic individual?
glucose
painful or labored breathing is referred to as
dyspnea
how does aspirin reduce fever
blocks production of prostaglandin
for air to exit the lungs during expiration what happens to alveolar pressure?
it increases
the vitamin essential for the formation of photo-pigments in the retina is vitamin ___.
vitamin A
excess carbohydrates in the diet are converted into
triglycerides
which hormone increases reabsorption of water in the collecting ducts by stimulating insertion of water channels into the membranes of tubule cells?
ADH (antidiuretic hormone/vasopresin)
the sight, smell or thought of food activates what phase of digestion.
cephalic phase
the type of body fluid found inside cells is called
intracellular fluid
mother’s milk will provide what type of immunity
passive, naturally acquired
the tongue is primarily composed of what type muscle
skeletal muscle
how much of the total CO2 in the blood is carried as bicarbonate
70%
a physician that specializes in the branch of medicine focusing on problems of the male and female urinary system and the male reproductive system is called
urologist
the Epstein-Barr virus causes what disease?
infectious mononucleosis
Which vitamin is essential for the absorption and utilization of calcium and phosphorus
vitamin D
chemical reactions in which simple substances are built up into more complex substances are called
Anabolism
the mucosa of the stomach contains large folds called
rugea
which is the site of T-cell maturation and selection?
thymus
expiratory reserve volume
1200ml;
Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a tidal expiration
which hormone is the main regulator of the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
thyroxine
the most abundant cation in extracellular fluid is
sodium
the thermostat of the human body is located in the
hypothalamus
inspiratory reserve volume
3100 - 3200ml;
Amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume
a gram of a carbohydrate in the diet provides about ___ kilocalories (Calories) of energy to the body.
4
the first portion of the renal tubule emerging from the glomerular capsule is the
proximal convoluted tubule
how is water lost from the body
breathing, sweating, feces, urination
which vitamin can be made by the body from the provitamin called beta-carotene?
vitamin A
minerals constitute about ___ % of the total body weight.
4%
What chemical do the G cells of the gastric glands of the stomach secrete
gastrin
What is the form of the hepatitis that is commonly referred to as “infectious hepatitis”
hepatitis A
The amount of energy derived from nutrients is expressed in
Calories (kilocalories)
the dentin of the root of a tooth is covered by bonelike substance called
cementum
what is the another name for ADH
vasopressin
what cells attack infected host cells in cell-mediated immunity
t cells
worn-out and damaged red blood cells are destroyed in the
spleen
What are the components of the urinary system
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladders, urethra
the thirst center is located in the
hypothalamus
a disease of the respiratory system characterized by the destruction of the alveolar walls is called
Emphysema
what are the 4 signs or symptoms of inflammation
redness, heat, pain, swelling
daily water loss from the body is approximately
2500ml/day
chemical substances in body fluids that prevent rapid changes in pH are called
buffers
pepsinogen is produced by what cells
gastric chief cells
which blood cells are capable of producing antibodies?
B lymphocytes (B cells)
the third step in urine formation is
tubular secretion
vital capacity
4800 ml in men (on test);
3100 ml in women;
The total amount of exchangeable air;
Vital capacity = TV + IRV + ERV
what percentage of the volume of normal urine is water?
95%
which organ is the largest lymphatic tissue found in the human body?
spleen
the second step in urine formation is
tubular reabsorption
define the term metabolism
The sum of all catabolism and anabolism in an organism
the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid is
potassium
a gram of fat provides about ___ Calories.
9
gas exchange in the lungs occurs across the respiratory membrane by the process of
diffusion
Which molecules can act as antigens
just about anything, anything that is alien or anything that can provoke an antibody
