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MLT Program > Clinical Microbiology Exam 2 > Flashcards

Clinical Microbiology Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae normal flora?

A
  • Found worldwide
  • Pathogen in domestic swine, birds, and fish
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2
Q

Gram-Positive Cocci can be separated into two groups based on what test?

A

Coagulase Test

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3
Q

Virulence factors of Staph epidermidis

A

Biofilm production

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4
Q

Infections caused by Corynebacterium species

A
  • May cause disease in the immunocompromised individuals
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5
Q

What are virulence factors of Bacillus anthracis?

A
  • Protective antigen (PA) – binding molecule
  • Edema factor (EF) – causes edema
  • Lethal factor (LF) - kills host cells
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6
Q

What test(s) distinguish Bacillus cereus?

A
  • Motile
  • Hemolytic on BAP
  • Resistant to penicillin
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7
Q

Where is Bacillus anthracis normal flora?

A
  • Commonly found in soil
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8
Q

Infections caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

A
  • Human cases usually occupational exposure – enter
    through cuts or scratches on the skin
  • Erysipeloid – localized skin disease
  • Septicemia associated with endocarditis
  • Cutaneous infection
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9
Q

What test(s) distinguish Corynebacterium species?

A
  • Catalase-positive
  • Nonmotile
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10
Q

Where is Lactobacillus species normal flora?

A

Widely distributed in nature and foods, as well as in normal biota in the human mouth, GI tract, and female genital tract

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11
Q

What tests distinguish Strep agalactiae?

A
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12
Q

Infections caused by Staph lugdunensis

A

Endocarditis, septicemia, meningitis, skin and soft tissue infection, urinary tract infection, septic shock. Can mimic S. aureus infection.

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13
Q

What test(s) distinguish Lactrobacillus species?

A
  • Vancomycin resistant
  • Penicillin susceptible
  • Alpha-hemolytic on BAP
  • Catalase negative
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14
Q

What are the three groups of GPB?

A
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15
Q

Tests distinguishing Staph lugdunensis

A

Slide coagulase – sometimes positive
Tube coagulase - negative
PYR - positive
Ornithine decarboxylase – positive

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16
Q

Where is Strep pyogenes normal flora?

A
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17
Q

Infections caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae

A
  • Nonhealing ulcers
  • Respiratory Diphtheria
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18
Q

Where is Gardnerella vaginalis normal flora?

A
  • Normal flora in urogenital tract
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19
Q

Infections caused by Staph epi

A

Hospital acquired urinary tract infections (UTI). Infection associated with IV catheters, CSF shuts, prosthetic joints, and prosthetic heart valves

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20
Q

What test(s) distinguish Corynebacterium diptheriae?

A
  • Catalase-positive
  • Nonmotile
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21
Q

What are the two groups Gram-Positive Cocci can be separated into?

A
  • Bound coagulase
  • Free coagulase
  • Staphylococci can produce both, one, or neither
    type of coagulase
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22
Q

What test(s) distinguish Arcanobacterium species?

A
  • Catalase-negative
  • Positive for CAMP inhibition test
  • Phospholipase D produced by Arcanobacterium inhibits β-hemolysis produced by S. aureus
  • Drug of choice – erythromycin
  • Penicillin resistant
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23
Q

What are virulence factors of Corynebacterium diphtheriae?

A
  • Produced in strain infected with
    lysogenic β-phage carrying the tox
    gene for diphtheria toxin
  • Able to block protein synthesis
    in human cells causing cell death
  • Causes both localized and
    systemic damage
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24
Q

What tests distinguish Strep pneumoniae?

A

Optochin susceptible
Soluble to bile salts

25
Q

Where is Corynebacterium diphtheriae normal flora?

A
  • Cutaneous Diphtheria is found in the tropics
26
Q

Infections caused by Lactobacillus species

A
  • Systemic infections are rare
  • Usually in immunocompromised patients
27
Q

Infections caused by Staph aureus

A

Skin and wound infections (Folliculitus, Furuncles, Carbuncles, Bullous impetigo). Scalded skin syndrome (Ritter disease). Toxic Shock syndrome. Food poisoning. Bacteremia. Osteomyelitis. Pneumonia.

28
Q

Virulence factors of Staph aureus

A
  • Enterotoxins
  • Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1 (TSST-1)
  • Exfoliative toxin
  • Cytolytic Toxins
  • Coagulase - clotting
  • Protease – breaks down proteins
  • Hyaluronidase – attacks cartilage
  • Lipase – breaks down lipids
  • Protein A – binds IgG, Hides bacterial cell from immune system
29
Q

Infections caused by Strep pnuemoniae

A
  • Pneumococcal pneumonia
  • Bacterial meningitis
  • Also causes sinusitis and otitis media
    Bacteremia
30
Q

Virulence factors of Staph saprophyticus

A
  • Adheres more effectively than other pathogens to the lining of the urogenital tract
31
Q

Infections caused by Strep agalactiae

A
  • Neonatal Streptococcal Disease
  • In adults:
  • Endometritis and wound infections in young, previously
    healthy women who become ill after childbirth or
    abortion
  • Infection in elderly person with a serious underlying
    disease or immunodeficiency
  • Common cause of infection in diabetic foot ulcers
32
Q

Tests distinguishing Micrococcus species

A

Catalase-positive
Modified oxidase (microdase) - pos

33
Q

Infections caused by Strep pyogenes

A
  • Bacterial Pharyngitis (Strep throat)
  • Scarlet fever
  • Pyodermal Infections (Skin infections)
    • Impetigo
    • Erysipelas
  • Necrotizing Fasciitis (“Flesh-eating disease”)
  • Rheumatic fever (Within 1 month of StrepThroat)
  • Acute glomerulonephritis (Following cutaneous infection or Strep Throat)
34
Q

Where is Bacillus species normal flora?

A
  • Commonly found in soil
35
Q

What test(s) distinguish Gardnerella vaginalis?

A
  • Catalase – negative
36
Q

Where is Strep, viridans group normal flora?

A
  • Upper respiratory tract
  • Female genital tract
  • Gastrointestinal tract
37
Q

Tests distinguishing Staph saprophyticus

A

Slide and tube coagulase:
* Negative
Novobiocin resistant

38
Q

Where is Strep pneumo normal flora?

A
39
Q

Infections caused by Listeria monoctyogenes

A
  • Uncommon but serous infection in neonates, pregnant women, elderly, and immunocompromised
  • Meningitis and endocarditis in immunocompromised patients
  • Food poisoning
40
Q

Virulence factors of Strep pyogenes

A
41
Q

Infections caused by Staph saprophyticus

A

UTIs

42
Q

Where is Corynebacterium species normal flora?

A
  • Most species part of normal skin and mucous membrane flora
43
Q

Tests distinguishing Staph epidermidis

A

Slide and tube coagulase - negative

44
Q

What test(s) distinguish Listeria monocytogenes?

A
  • Catalase – positive
  • Motility:
    • Tumbling on wet prep
    • “Umbrella” motility in test medium at 25°C
  • CAMP – positive
  • Hippurate hydrolysis – positive
  • Bile esculin hydrolysis - positive
45
Q

What test(s) distinguish Bacillus anthracis?

A
  • Nonmotile
  • Susceptible to penicillin
  • Produces lecithinase on egg-yolk agar
46
Q

Infections caused by Gardnerella vaginalis

A
  • Bacterial vaginosis (BV)
  • May also cause UTIs in both men and women
47
Q

What tests distinguish Strep, viridans group?

A
48
Q

What tests distinguish Strep pyogenes?

A
49
Q

Infections caused by Arcanobacterium species

A
  • Pharyngitis
  • In patients 10 to 20 years old
  • Often indistinguishable from pharyngitis caused by Strep. pyogenes
  • 50% develop pruritic scarlatiniform rash and desquamation of hands and feet
    Also associated with soft tissue infection, sepsis, and endocarditis
50
Q

Virulence factors of Step pneumo

A
51
Q

Tests distinguishing Staph aureus

A

Coagulase testing
results:
* Free – positive
* Bound – positive
Latex agglutination test to detect protein A

52
Q

Infections caused by Strep, viridans group

A
  • Opportunistic pathogens
  • S. mitis group most common cause of bacterial endocarditis
  • Abscess formation in the oropharynx, brain, and
    peritoneal cavity
53
Q

Where is Strep agalactiae normal flora?

A
54
Q

What test(s) distinguish Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

A
  • Nonmotile
  • Catalase-negative
  • Produces H2S
  • “Test tube brush-like” pattern in gelatin at 22°C
55
Q

Where is Listeria monocytogenes normal flora?

A
  • Soil, water, vegetation, and animal products
56
Q

Infections caused by Bacillus anthracis

A

Cutaneous anthrax – 99% of anthrax cases in the
world.
Inhalation anthrax (Woolsorter’s disease).
Gastrointestinal anthrax - <1% of cases; never in
US.
Injectional anthrax.

57
Q

Infections caused by Bacillus cereus

A

Food poisoning (Diarrheal or Emetic).
Eye infections

58
Q

What test(s) separate GPB into three groups?

A
59
Q

Infections caused by Micrococcus species

A

very rarely a pathogen

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