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Clinical Pathology and Parasitology > Urinalysis: Biochemical Analysis > Flashcards

Urinalysis: Biochemical Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

What is biochemical analysis? (3)

A
  1. measuring chemical substances in urine
  2. Use a dipstick that has a pad for each chemical
  3. Abnormal readings can indicate disease
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2
Q

What is pH?

A

Measure of H+ concentration in urine

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3
Q

What is the normal pH for urine in animals? (3)

A
  1. acidic or alkaline
  2. pH < 7 in carnivores
  3. pH >7 in herbivores
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4
Q

What can cause abnormally low pH? (3)

A
  1. hypoventilation
  2. starvation
  3. prolonged vomiting and diarrhea
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5
Q

What can cause abnormally high pH? (4)

A
  1. hyperventilation
  2. bacterial UTI
  3. postparandial urine sample
  4. may be falsely increased if urine is left out at room temp for a long time before analysis
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6
Q

What can effect the amount of protein found in the urine? (2)

A
  1. method of urine collection

2. falsely increased if urine has prolonged contact with test pad on dipstick

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7
Q

What amount of protein in the urine is considered to be normal?

A

a small amount that is usually undetectable

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8
Q

What does proteinuria usually indicate? (3)

A
  1. indicates disease of the urinary system
  2. kidney damage (glomerulus)
  3. urinary tract inflammation
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9
Q

Is glucose a normal finding in urine?

A

no, not usually detected in urine

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10
Q

When does glucosuria occur? (2)

A

when blood glucose levels are

  1. > 170-180 mg/dl in dogs
  2. > 260-310 mg/dl in cats
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11
Q

What are the conditions associated with glucosuria? (3)

A
  1. diabetes mellitus
  2. stress/excitement
  3. high carbohydrate meal
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12
Q

What may cause a falsely decreased blood glucose level?

A

refrigerated urine

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13
Q

What are ketones?

A

Ketone group-containing acids that result from fat breakdown

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14
Q

Are ketones normal?

A

not normally detected in urine

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15
Q

When does Ketonuria occur? (4)

A
  1. fat is metabolized for energy when carbohydrates are not available
  2. diabetes mellitus
  3. Pregnancy toxemia/ketosis
  4. starvation/fasting
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16
Q

What are bile pigments?

A

Chemicals derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin:

1) Bilirubin
2) Urobilinogen

17
Q

What can bilirubinuria be caused by? (3)

A
  1. RBC destruction
  2. hepatocellular damage
  3. bile duct obstruction
18
Q

What would be considered a normal amount of bile pigment in dogs?

A

small quantities

19
Q

What happens when bilirubin sits in a urine sample? (2)

A
  1. unstable in urine sample

2. will break down outside the body especially when exposed to environmental light

20
Q

What can hematuria be caused by? (6)

A
  1. bacterial UTI
  2. urolithiasis
  3. interstitial cystitis
  4. neoplasia
  5. renal disease
  6. trauma
21
Q

What colors can the urine be with hematuria? (3)

A
  1. wine
  2. brown
  3. cloudy red
22
Q

What happens to the color of the blood (hematuria) after its centrifuged?

A

Abnormal urine color may disappear after centrifugation

23
Q

What causes hemoglobinuria? (3)

A
  1. massive RBC destruction
  2. autoimmune hemolytic anemia
  3. blood transfusion incompatibility
24
Q

What colors can the urine be with hemoglobinuria? (3)

A
  1. wine
  2. brown
  3. cloudy red
25
Q

What happens to the color of the urine after centrifugation with hemoglobinuria?

A

the color of the sample doesn’t change

26
Q

What produces nitrite?

A

produced by bacteria from nitrate in urine

27
Q

What do increased levels of nitrite indicate?

A

bacterial UTI

28
Q

Is the test for nitrites reliable?

A

not in dogs or cats

29
Q

What is Pyuria indicative of?

A

inflammation in the urinary tract

30
Q

What are the possible causes of WBC in the urine? (2)

A
  1. bacterial UTI

2. urolithiasis

31
Q

How accurate are the tests for WBC? (2)

A
  1. not very sensitive in dogs

2. not reliable in cats

Clinical Pathology and Parasitology (84 decks)

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