Urban Sites Exam Flashcards
1
Q
What is a City?
A
A town or other inhabited place
- Oxford English Dictionary
2
Q
Citivas
A
- Applied by Romans
- Each of the independent states or tribes
- Later became the seat of civil government
3
Q
Urban
A
- Intense concentration of people. buildings, collections of goods, consumption, leisure all in these areas
- Concentration of wealth, technology, industry, aesthetic side too
4
Q
Architecture
A
- Forms of urban design
5
Q
How to Look at Cities
A
- vertical vs. horizontal
- buildings (commercial, residential)
- streets (main & side roads, boulevards, alleyways)
- parks
- nature
- residence
- social class
- living and dead
- religious and secular
6
Q
Modernity = Interconnection
A
7
Q
Global City
A
City that has:
- international political influence
- multinational corporations and non-government organizations
- globally influential mass media
- well developed communication and transportation system
8
Q
Rome Layers of History
A
- multi-layered from centuries of settlement
- civilizations built ontop of one another, layer upon layer, generation on generation, century on century
9
Q
Roman Cities are ________?
A
Palimpsests
10
Q
Rome: Older cities feature a plurality of _____
A
Different period structures
- ancient, medieval, early modern, contemporary
11
Q
Founding of Rome (according to legend)
A
- founded 753 BCE by twin brothers Romulus and Remus who were abandoned and found and cared by a shewolf
- brothers were sons of gods
- Romulus killed Remus in argument, Romulus then found the city and named it after himself
- Archeological evidence shows Rome had settlements dating back to 1,000BCE
12
Q
Rome Eternal City
A
- Republic was representative democracy of wealthiest families
- Republic lasted until death of Caesar
13
Q
Roman Technology and Innovation
A
Concrete
- made of volcanic ash, lime, seawater
- poured into wooden molds
Roman Arches
Roads
- expansion of Republic and later Empire
- deployment of armies, civilians, communications, trade networks
One Way Traffic invented by Romans
Sanitation
- bathhouses, fountains
Julian Calendar
Newspapers
Welfare
Bund Books
Surgery
- on battlefields
14
Q
The Seven Hills of Rome
A
- Quirinal Hill
- Viminal Hill
- Capitoline Hill
- Esquiline Hill
- Palantine Hill
- Caelian Hill
- Aventine Hill
15
Q
Roman Forum
A
- Plaza encompassed many government and public buildings in ancient Rome
- Located between Palatine Hill and Capitoline Hill
- Rectangular space was the site of many significant gatherings and events (Triumphal marches, Criminal trials, Public speeches, Gladiator fights, Elections)
- IMPORTANCE of public displays and gatherings: key feature of ancient Rome
- Ruins are what remain of the Forum
16
Q
3 Orders of Roman Architecture
A
- Corinthian: Main characteristic includes ornate capitals carved with stylized acanthus leaves
- Doric: characterized by a simple and austere column and capital
- Ionic: characterized by graceful proportions, with a more slender and elegant profile than the Doric order
17
Q
Roman Empire
A
- Begins with the fall of the Roman Republic and renounce of Romulus’ position
- Expanded across the Mediterranean (British Isles, North Africa, Western and Eastern Europe, and the Middle East)
- Extensive trading network
18
Q
Roman Architecture Outside Rome
A
Alexandria, Egypt
Palmyra, Syria
Hadrians Wall, England
Bath, England
19
Q
Rome Circus Maximus
A
- chariot racing
- contests
20
Q
Rome: Colosseum and Gladiatorial Games
A
- originally known as the Flavian Amphitheater
- Importance of Spectacle in maintaining order, stability, power in cities
- seats 50,000 people
- Marble seats stripped from original building; colosseum gutted for resources used for other buildings
- Series of earthquakes broke the walls, giving its current look
- 1 in 8 gladiators died in combat
- Lions, tigers, bears, rhinos, elephants, and giraffes, among animals fought in games
21
Q
Rome: The Pantheon and the Transformation of Space
A
- former Roman temple
- Pantheon from ancient Greek word “Pantheion” means “of all gods”
- engineering marvel
- Pantheon is converted to Catholic Church
22
Q
St. Peter’s Basilica, Vatican City, Rome
A
- defining feature of Roman cityscape
- believed burial site of St. Peter, apostle of Jesus
- Emperor Constantine (Reign: 306 - 33 CE) legalized Christianity, built the first basilica
- Original basilica stood (nearly 1200 years)
23
Q
New St. Peters’ Basilica, Rome
A
- Current Basilica (120 years) to make
- Renaissance style, elements of humanism regarding art and organization of space
- Many famous Renaissance painters contributed to its completion, including Rafael (Frescos / Papal apartments), Bernini (sculptures, St. Peter’s Square), and Michelangelo (Sisteen Chapel)
- There were 5 architects in total, with Michelangelo being the primary designer of the basilica and Bernini designing the main square
- The cupola is the largest dome in the world
24
Q
Rome - Basilica Design
A
- Two colonnades on either side feature 284 columns with 140 hand-carved saints on top (shape of 2 colonnades as 2 arms embracing / welcoming people to the square
- Egyptian obelisk in the centre of the square
25
Q
Rome Necropolis
A
- Basilicas crypt beneath main level, housing popes
- organization of space between the living and dead both in the same space regarding papal tombs
26
Q
Renaissance Art Rome
A
- Basilica ceiling depicts events from old testament
- ceiling took 4 years to paint
27
Q
The City of London: Overview
A
- London is a palimpsest with millennia of civilizations built on top of each other across the ages
- One of the most multicultural cities on earth
- Global city that balances history, tradition and modernity
- The London Underground as a subterranean urban space
- vertical vs. horizontal urban space
28
Q
London History
A
- founded by Romans
- After the Battle of Hastings, London becomes capital of England
- 14th-15th centuries: London becomes an economic hub with trade and textile production
- 15th-17th centuries: Centralization of government, increase in maritime trade
- 17th-19th centuries: London becomes centre of maritime trade and global commerce
29
Q
The Great Plague of London
A
- Outbreak of bubonic plague occurs from 1665 to 1666
- 68,596 deaths recorded in the city. Actual number likely over 100,000 deaths
- Key factors that exacerbated plague
- Poor sanitation
- Overcrowding in residences
- Cramped buildings and alleyways
- Drains overflowed with mud and sewage water
30
Q
The Great Fire of London
A
- Burned down the medieval part of the city, located within the confines of the Roman walls
- Prompted the city to rebuild and redesign its buildings to deal with fire
31
Q
Disaster spurs innovation; encourages modernization!!!!!
A
32
Q
St Paul’s Cathedral London
A
- completed 3 decades after Old St. Paul’s burned down
- Design inspired by St. Peter’s Basilica
- Crypt below (merging living and dead)
- Prominent feature along London cityscape, as seen from the River Thames
- Royal weddings and other cerimonies
33
Q
Industrial Revolution London
A
- shift from economy based on agrarian, handcrafted products and services to an economy based on industry and machine manufacturing
- Increased use of iron, steel, coal and steam power (later electricity)
- made machines that use the energy sources like: locomotive trains, steam ships, and vehicles reliant on internal combustion
- Development of communications: photography, telegraph, and later, the telephone and moving pictures
- workhouses, social changes, international trade
- children would be employed in factories
- Growth of international trade, London became a level to has never before because of the industrial revolution
34
Q
Victorian London
A
- great wealth and great poverty
- political, social, technological changes
- Surge in tourism, cosmopolitanism, movement of people
- increase of communication: penny per stamp black letters
- mandatory vaccines for children (small pox)
- Darwin’s on the Origin of Species published
- mandatory school attendance children 5 - 10
35
Q
Palace of Westminster (Big Ben) London
A
- Contains the two houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom: The House of Commons and the House of Lords
- Neo-gothic style (revival of gothic style)
- cast-iron roof to prevent combustion
- Pennies used to keep pendulum balanced
- One tower in Westminster is completely empty used for ventilation and air circulation
36
Q
Tower Bridge
A
- suspension bridge
- double-leaf bascule or drawbridge
- opens when boats need to pass through, closes for cars to drive on
- neo-gothic style
37
Q
Dickensian London: Modernization of Metropolis through Literature
A
- Charles Dickens (one of the greatest Victorian novelisits)
- All his books have to do with money
- Loosing, making, making then loosing, not having, very wealthy
- Bleak house novel by Dickens shows the problems of English democracy
38
Q
Sanitation and Modernity London
A
- rivers looked like big toilets
- Early 19th-century: human waste collected in cesspools or dumped directly into the Thames river
- Broad Street Cholera Outbreak
- map created to trace instances of cholera
- traced back to specific water pump
- everyone drinking from that pump got cholera
- lead to development of Public Health
- The Great Stink
- smell of human sewage and industrial waste was all over London from the river Thames
39
Q
The Great Exhibition London
A
- The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations
– showcase to the world England’s progress in modernity - promoted cutting edge innovation in culture and tech
- held in Hyde Park, important to Victorian era
- some innovations included (Daguerreotypes, pay toilets, Telescopes)
40
Q
Whitechapel and East London
A
- Whitechapel is a district in East London, close to dockyards & large immigrant community
- many from Eastern Europe
- major poverty
- slums
- dirty overcrowded streets, dangerous crime
41
Q
Whitechapel Murders London
A
- 11 murders of prostitues
- “Jack the Ripper” killer
- never found
42
Q
Jack the Ripper London
A
- never caught
- mutilated bodies with surgical precision, suggested he learnt in anatomy
43
Q
Aftermath of Jack the Ripper Murders London
A
- modernize police work (forensic practices, treatment of crime scene)
- effort to clean up pockets of crime across Whitechapel
44
Q
London Underground and Subterranean Urban Spaces
A
- oldest and most sophisticated subway system in the world
- Subways is the great equalizer as no matter how rich or poor there is no first or second class
- cut-and-cover method: trenches dug out along streets, brick arch laid on top, and roadway laid over it afterward
- first rail line was 6 km long connecting Farringdon St and Bishops Rd
- first subway relied on steam power
- first trains burned coke fule (high carbon content), then used coal
- Lack of ventilation posed problem, as smoke accumulated underground, which was breathed in by the passengers and drivers of the trains
- begin implementing electricity in 1890, fully electric in 1913
- almost immediately successful
- During the First and Second World Wars, the stations were used as air—raid shelters to protect Londoners from bombings
- in 2010 air conditioning was introduced
45
Q
Living, Dead, Shared Space London
A
- Population surge resulted in lack of space for burials
- traditional burials in church graveyards
- Body Snatchers / Resurrectionists (Edinburgh)
- Sanitation problems with overfull graveyards
- Bodies not buried deep enough
- Bodies emptied from graves too early
- Disease and contamination of nearby water supplies
46
Q
Magnificent Seven London
A
- answer to overcrowding was the Magnificent Seven, a series of seven cemeteries that aimed to attract patrons from the newly emerging middle class
- distinguish itself from burial places for the working class
- Burial Clubs in Victorian London
- Burial in cemeteries marker of social status
- Cemeteries a means for families to create public monuments to preserve their memory
- Nature reclaiming urban spaces: Many of these cemeteries are overgrown with vines, moss, and other greenery
- Medical school would hire people to go digger freshly laid bodies to directions could be performed for medical students to learn
- Graveyards have churches, cemeteries don’t they are a plot of land with bodies no churches
47
Q
Paris: An Overview
A
- Settlements discovered along the banks of the Seine River
- Celtic tribe called Parisii established roots along the Seine River
- By 4th century CE, the town changes name to Paris
- Medieval Period; Bubonic Plague; Renaissance; Early Modern Period; Modern Period; Contemporary period
48
Q
Paris dans La Belle Époque
A
- Paris is the symbol of modernity 19th century
49
Q
Notre-Dame de Paris
A
- Paris renowned for its gothic buildings, particularly cathedrals
- Technological innovation of medieval architecture: flying buttress
- flying buttress (support beam connecting the upperwall to the ground, providing support)
50
Q
Hunchback of Notre-Dame Paris
A
- novel
- Novel aimed to preserve French culture when many of the Gothic and medieval structures were being torn down to make way for the modernization of Paris
51
Q
Paris During Ancien Régime (old regime)
A
- made many royal residence and chateaus
- Luxembourg Palace, Tuileries Palace Tulleries Garden still remains, LouvrePalace
- narrow streets and alleyways
- poor sanitation
- large socioeconomic divide between rich and poor
52
Q
Versailles
A
- Originally a hunting lodge and private residence of Louis XIII
- Symbolism of the Sun King in art and design
- Represented absolutism
53
Q
Paris During the French Revolution
A
- economy collapses as a result of participation in several wars
- Bread riots, Social agitation
1. Storming of the Bastille
2. French Revolution unfolds
3. National Assembly nationalizing Catholic Church’s property
4. King Louis XVI beheaded at the National Razor
5. private spaces now public
54
Q
Importance of Public Squares and Spaces during Revolution
A
- rise of print, newspapers circulated city
- Jacobin Party
- Extremist left hand party, too radical
- Has reign of terror, most violent phase of revolution
55
Q
Paris Under Napoleon Bonaparte
A
- military commander rises up ranks, gains influence, seizes power
- French overseas empire
- Paris reconfigured to reflect imperialism
- Arc de Triomphe
56
Q
Catacombs of Paris
A
- series of underground repositories of human bones dating back centuries
- Built in old quarries
- they are arranged into walls of bones forming an underground labyrinth
- Fluidity of space in the cemetery: the Catacombs as an area intended for permanent rest for the dead is actually quite volatile
- Place of refuge during the Second World War
- Concert hall for macabre music in the 19th century
- Catacombs is a PUBLIC SPACE. Opened to the public in the 19th-century. Tours (private / guided; exhibits
57
Q
Paris Catacombs developed due to
A
- Surge in population growth: generations of dead buried on top of one another until there was no longer physical space for the remains
- Dangers of poor sanitation given contagions’ ability to spread via air, water, vermin, and human contact among other means
- Overfilling of charnel houses along the walls of Saints-Innocents (pits of exhumed bones)
- cemetery serves as one of many urban networks that physically bind the city together not only laterally in more familiar spaces like the churches and marketplaces, but also vertically and diagonally in areas that plunge deep into the earth.
- Such spaces, particularly subterranean ones like the cemetery, are as much reflections of a city’s character as those above ground, like buildings, streets, and alleyways.
58
Q
Baron Haussmann and the Making of Modern Paris
A
- responsible for extensive urban redevelopment of Paris, including the creation of new, wider boulevards, public works, and parks
- Responsible for tearing down much of the old Paris dating back to the medieval age: estimates at 60%
- Demolished the slums; built apartment complexes
- Integrated nature with the city (symmetrical parks, trees, wide boulevards)
- Most of Paris seen today is resultant of the sweeping architectural changes implemented by Haussmann
59
Q
Paris Opera / Palais Garnier
A
- innovation in construction with drainage system
- Embelished with statues of Greek mythological and historical figures throughout
- Greek mosaics in the interior
- made famous by The Phantom of the Opera
60
Q
Charles Baudelaire and the Flâneur Paris
A
- French poet, The Flowers of Evil
- Observation of everyday life
61
Q
Walter Benjamin Paris
A
- german literary critic
- Gifted cultural synthesis; his work is highly influential in the study of culture and cities
- Interested in the expressive aspect of these objects
- inspired by concept of Flâneur
- Arcades Project: series of sections called, “Convolutes”
62
Q
Arcades Paris - Benjamin
A
- mixture of glass and iron, so that the arcade is a city
- arcades were temples of commodity capital
- Arcades as the origin of the department store. Notion that the principle of the department store indicates that the floors form a single space so that the whole area can be taken in at a glance
63
Q
Exposition Universelle Paris
A
- world fair
- developed to showcase worlds newest innovations
- most famous exhibit was the Eiffel Tower
64
Q
Gustave Eiffel
A
- french civil engineer
- Designed and oversaw: many bridges across France, movable dome atop the observatory at Nice, statue of liberty in NYC
65
Q
Eiffel Tower Paris
A
- designed by Gustave Eiffel
- symbol of innovation and modernity
- Controversy over its construction: Residents complained of the tower, as it didn’t match the rest of Paris
- Seen as an eye sore originally
- Now immortalized as one of the defining features of the
city
- secret apartment at top
- originally painted red
66
Q
Dublin Introduction
A
- Earliest references to Dublin in Egyptian-Greek astronomer, Ptolemy’s work
- By mid-17th century, Dublin was a medieval, walled town endured the ravages of the Black Death
- During the Reformation, Dublin became Protestant
- English plantation policy forces Irish landowners off their lands
- Large influx of English and Scottish Protestant settlers
- Catholics clergy forced out
67
Q
The Great Famine Dublin
A
- plant disease, ravaged the potato crops across Ireland, resulting in years of prolonged agricultural disaster
- Resulted in about 1 million deaths, with 1 million Irish people forced to emigrate, majority of whom emigrate to the United States
68
Q
Landmarks in Dublin
A
St. Stephen’s Garden
- Public garden and square situated in Dublin’s city centre
- Space was used as a place for public executions and witch burnings
Dublin Castle
- built on top of a Viking settlement
- Strategic location atop the highest point in Dublin, originally defence fort
- Ireland’s presidents have been inaugurated inside St. Patrick’s Hall inside the castle
Trinity College Dublin
- founded by Queen Elizabeth I
- Built on the grounds of a Catholic monastary
- sister college college to Oriel College, University of Oxford and St. John’s College, University of Cambridge
- contains thousands of ancient texts
St. Patrick’s Cathedral
- built in honour of Ireland’s patron saint
- Gothic architecture
- Different parts of the cathedral built in different periods
The Bridges of Dublin (Ha’penny Bridge)
- Pedestrian bridge
- Name, Ha’penny Bridge stems from the toll that used to be charged to cross it (halfpenny); tolls removed
(Mellows Bridge)
- Road bridge
(Rory O’More Bridge)
69
Q
Food and Drink Dublin
A
- Guinness beer
- Irish stew (veg, beef, lamb)
- Dublin Coddle (sausage, potatoes, barley)
- Boxty (grated potatoes and flour making pancake) - poor house bread
70
Q
James Joyce Dublin
A
- author
- book reference to Dublin
- captures every detail of the city
- work pushed modernity envelope regarding style
- wrote Ulysses
71
Q
Dublin & Gothic Tradition
A
- emergence of many great writers in gothic and horror genre
- shift from traditional and pre modern to innovative modernity
- Disconnect between urban and rural
- City vs. small town (Isolation)
72
Q
Bram Stoker Dublin (Dracula)
A
- author
- Dracula tells the story of Count Dracula of Transylvania, who travels to Britain to purchase an estate, Carfax Abbey located north of London
- Inspired by Eastern European folklore, well as literary works, and short story
73
Q
Cultural Legacy of Dracula
A
- informed the modern understanding of the vampire
74
Q
Barcelona Intro
A
- founded by either the Carthaginians or Phoenicians
- Barcelona’s strategic location along the Mediterranean coast allowed it to grow into a major city for trade
- there is no unified Spain, there are numerous independent kingdoms wanting land and influence in the area
- key trading port for Spain
- Was ruled by muslims for a long time before christians came and took over
75
Q
Convivencia Barcelona
A
- Convivencia, or period of “living together”
- coexistence characterized by Christian respect for Jewish and Islamic culture
- forced conversions of Jews and Muslims to Christianity did exist, as well as religious persecution, there were also periods of peaceful coexistence
- Has large architectural influences from muslim architecture from the Moors
- Architectural mix of muslim jewish and christian influences
76
Q
Reconquista Barcelona
A
- The Reconquista was a series of military campaigns launched by Christian states to recapture territory occupied by Muslim Moors across the Iberian Peninsula
- expelled practicing Jews from their kingdoms
- Within months, Spanish Jews were forced to either renounce their faith or depart their thousand-year homeland behind
- Expansion to the New World with Christopher Columbus and 4 separate voyages
- Conversos - jews that converted to Christianity
- If surname is named after object, they have jewish roots as they had to change their last name to fit the Spanish Christians
77
Q
Spanish Inquisition
A
- persecution of Jews and eventually Muslims who were accused of straying from the Christian faith
- Tribunal set up by the Catholic monarchs to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms via numerous methods (forced conversions)
- mass casualties
- Constant monitoring of secret practices
78
Q
Catalonia - Barcelona
A
- community located in southeastern corner of Spain
- Consists of the provinces of Barcelona, Girona, Lleida, and Tarragona
- Wealthiest and most industrialized part of Spain
- numerous separatist movements to leave Spain (continues today)
- Agriculture includes cultivation of wine, olive oil, almonds, rice, potatoes, and corn
79
Q
Catalan Modernism Barcelona
A
- artistic movement happened along the First Barcelona World Fair
- Inspired artists of all areas, including painting, sculpture, poetry, theatre, and architecture
- Interesting balance between nature and architecture
- movement went agains previous approaches to art (traditionalism and religiousness)
- Neoclassicism is huge
- Barcelona embraces modernism harnessing nature and natural formations
80
Q
Palau de la Música Catalana Barcelona
A
- concert hall
- Designed by Lluís Domènech i Montaner in the modernist architectural style
- Seen as a symbol of Catalan nationalist and cultural pride
- Contains fluid of form; curves over straight lines; imbued with colour, particularly its stained glass windows, mosaics, and decorations, all of which are designed to reflect nature and symbolism
- Ceiling looks like its sawing
- Reflects nature and symbolism
- Very curved showing movement
81
Q
Antoni Gaudí Barcelona
A
- supporter of Barcelona having its own identity
- Architect whose style features freedom of form, wide range of colour and textures, and organic unity
- Most of his work found in Barcelona
- Gaudí’s design marked by juxtapositions of geometric forms, with material surfaces (e.g. stone, brick, ceramic tiles, metalwork) that featured animated, fluid, and organic patterns. Buildings featured flora, reptilian, or even aquatic designs
- The effect of juxtaposition was influenced by a mixture of Muslim and Christian design in Spain, known as: Mudéjar
- Dedicated majority of career to building the Epiatory Temple of the Holy Family (Sagrada Família)
82
Q
Casa Batlló Barcelona
A
- purchased by Josep Batlló, redesigned by Antoni Gaudí
- Nicknames: House of the Dragon & House of Bones
- “Scales” shine
- Intense juxtaposition of this building compared to those surrounding
- Embodiment of modernism
- Mediterranean and marine world influences in the building’s interior: Mosaic colours of the sea; coral reef landings
- Mosaic style known as Trencadís
- UNESCO cultural heritage site
83
Q
Parc Güell Barcelona
A
- named after Eusebi Güell, Catalan entrepreneur
- originally planned as a site for housing, but was later developed as a municipal garden
- Gaudí was commissioned to design the private park
- Park heaivly influenced by naturalist design, with organic shapes and symbolism reflective of religion, mythology, and philosophy
