Urban Sites Exam Flashcards

Question

Rome Necropolis

Answer 1

- Basilicas crypt beneath main level, housing popes - organization of space between the living and dead both in the same space regarding papal tombs

Answer 2

- Basilica ceiling depicts events from old testament - ceiling took 4 years to paint

Answer 3

- London is a palimpsest with millennia of civilizations built on top of each other across the ages - One of the most multicultural cities on earth - Global city that balances history, tradition and modernity - The London Underground as a subterranean urban space - vertical vs. horizontal urban space

Answer 4

- founded by Romans - After the Battle of Hastings, London becomes capital of England - 14th-15th centuries: London becomes an economic hub with trade and textile production - 15th-17th centuries: Centralization of government, increase in maritime trade - 17th-19th centuries: London becomes centre of maritime trade and global commerce

Answer 5

- Outbreak of bubonic plague occurs from 1665 to 1666 - 68,596 deaths recorded in the city. Actual number likely over 100,000 deaths - Key factors that exacerbated plague - Poor sanitation - Overcrowding in residences - Cramped buildings and alleyways - Drains overflowed with mud and sewage water

Answer 6

- Burned down the medieval part of the city, located within the confines of the Roman walls - Prompted the city to rebuild and redesign its buildings to deal with fire

Answer 7

- completed 3 decades after Old St. Paul’s burned down - Design inspired by St. Peter’s Basilica - Crypt below (merging living and dead) - Prominent feature along London cityscape, as seen from the River Thames - Royal weddings and other cerimonies

Answer 8

- shift from economy based on agrarian, handcrafted products and services to an economy based on industry and machine manufacturing - Increased use of iron, steel, coal and steam power (later electricity) - made machines that use the energy sources like: locomotive trains, steam ships, and vehicles reliant on internal combustion - Development of communications: photography, telegraph, and later, the telephone and moving pictures - workhouses, social changes, international trade - children would be employed in factories - Growth of international trade, London became a level to has never before because of the industrial revolution

Answer 9

- great wealth and great poverty - political, social, technological changes - Surge in tourism, cosmopolitanism, movement of people - increase of communication: penny per stamp black letters - mandatory vaccines for children (small pox) - Darwin's on the Origin of Species published - mandatory school attendance children 5 - 10

Answer 10

- Contains the two houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom: The House of Commons and the House of Lords - Neo-gothic style (revival of gothic style) - cast-iron roof to prevent combustion - Pennies used to keep pendulum balanced - One tower in Westminster is completely empty used for ventilation and air circulation

Answer 11

- suspension bridge - double-leaf bascule or drawbridge - opens when boats need to pass through, closes for cars to drive on - neo-gothic style

Answer 12

- Charles Dickens (one of the greatest Victorian novelisits) - All his books have to do with money - Loosing, making, making then loosing, not having, very wealthy - Bleak house novel by Dickens shows the problems of English democracy

Answer 13

- rivers looked like big toilets - Early 19th-century: human waste collected in cesspools or dumped directly into the Thames river - Broad Street Cholera Outbreak - map created to trace instances of cholera - traced back to specific water pump - everyone drinking from that pump got cholera - lead to development of Public Health - The Great Stink - smell of human sewage and industrial waste was all over London from the river Thames

Answer 14

- The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations – showcase to the world England’s progress in modernity - promoted cutting edge innovation in culture and tech - held in Hyde Park, important to Victorian era - some innovations included (Daguerreotypes, pay toilets, Telescopes)

Answer 15

- Whitechapel is a district in East London, close to dockyards & large immigrant community - many from Eastern Europe - major poverty - slums - dirty overcrowded streets, dangerous crime

Answer 16

- 11 murders of prostitues - "Jack the Ripper" killer - never found

Answer 17

- never caught - mutilated bodies with surgical precision, suggested he learnt in anatomy

Answer 18

- modernize police work (forensic practices, treatment of crime scene) - effort to clean up pockets of crime across Whitechapel

Answer 19

- oldest and most sophisticated subway system in the world - Subways is the great equalizer as no matter how rich or poor there is no first or second class - cut-and-cover method: trenches dug out along streets, brick arch laid on top, and roadway laid over it afterward - first rail line was 6 km long connecting Farringdon St and Bishops Rd - first subway relied on steam power - first trains burned coke fule (high carbon content), then used coal - Lack of ventilation posed problem, as smoke accumulated underground, which was breathed in by the passengers and drivers of the trains - begin implementing electricity in 1890, fully electric in 1913 - almost immediately successful - During the First and Second World Wars, the stations were used as air—raid shelters to protect Londoners from bombings - in 2010 air conditioning was introduced

Answer 20

- Population surge resulted in lack of space for burials - traditional burials in church graveyards - Body Snatchers / Resurrectionists (Edinburgh) - Sanitation problems with overfull graveyards - Bodies not buried deep enough - Bodies emptied from graves too early - Disease and contamination of nearby water supplies

Answer 21

- answer to overcrowding was the Magnificent Seven, a series of seven cemeteries that aimed to attract patrons from the newly emerging middle class - distinguish itself from burial places for the working class - Burial Clubs in Victorian London - Burial in cemeteries marker of social status - Cemeteries a means for families to create public monuments to preserve their memory - Nature reclaiming urban spaces: Many of these cemeteries are overgrown with vines, moss, and other greenery - Medical school would hire people to go digger freshly laid bodies to directions could be performed for medical students to learn - Graveyards have churches, cemeteries don't they are a plot of land with bodies no churches

Answer 22

- Settlements discovered along the banks of the Seine River - Celtic tribe called Parisii established roots along the Seine River - By 4th century CE, the town changes name to Paris - Medieval Period; Bubonic Plague; Renaissance; Early Modern Period; Modern Period; Contemporary period

Answer 23

- Paris is the symbol of modernity 19th century

Answer 24

- Paris renowned for its gothic buildings, particularly cathedrals - Technological innovation of medieval architecture: flying buttress - flying buttress (support beam connecting the upperwall to the ground, providing support)

Answer 25

- novel - Novel aimed to preserve French culture when many of the Gothic and medieval structures were being torn down to make way for the modernization of Paris

Answer 26

- made many royal residence and chateaus - Luxembourg Palace, Tuileries Palace Tulleries Garden still remains, LouvrePalace - narrow streets and alleyways - poor sanitation - large socioeconomic divide between rich and poor

Answer 27

- Originally a hunting lodge and private residence of Louis XIII - Symbolism of the Sun King in art and design - Represented absolutism

Answer 28

- economy collapses as a result of participation in several wars - Bread riots, Social agitation 1. Storming of the Bastille 2. French Revolution unfolds 3. National Assembly nationalizing Catholic Church’s property 4. King Louis XVI beheaded at the National Razor 5. private spaces now public

Answer 29

- rise of print, newspapers circulated city - Jacobin Party - Extremist left hand party, too radical - Has reign of terror, most violent phase of revolution

Answer 30

- military commander rises up ranks, gains influence, seizes power - French overseas empire - Paris reconfigured to reflect imperialism - Arc de Triomphe

Answer 31

- series of underground repositories of human bones dating back centuries - Built in old quarries - they are arranged into walls of bones forming an underground labyrinth - Fluidity of space in the cemetery: the Catacombs as an area intended for permanent rest for the dead is actually quite volatile - Place of refuge during the Second World War - Concert hall for macabre music in the 19th century - Catacombs is a PUBLIC SPACE. Opened to the public in the 19th-century. Tours (private / guided; exhibits

Answer 32

- Surge in population growth: generations of dead buried on top of one another until there was no longer physical space for the remains - Dangers of poor sanitation given contagions’ ability to spread via air, water, vermin, and human contact among other means - Overfilling of charnel houses along the walls of Saints-Innocents (pits of exhumed bones) - cemetery serves as one of many urban networks that physically bind the city together not only laterally in more familiar spaces like the churches and marketplaces, but also vertically and diagonally in areas that plunge deep into the earth. - Such spaces, particularly subterranean ones like the cemetery, are as much reflections of a city’s character as those above ground, like buildings, streets, and alleyways.

Answer 33

- responsible for extensive urban redevelopment of Paris, including the creation of new, wider boulevards, public works, and parks - Responsible for tearing down much of the old Paris dating back to the medieval age: estimates at 60% - Demolished the slums; built apartment complexes - Integrated nature with the city (symmetrical parks, trees, wide boulevards) - Most of Paris seen today is resultant of the sweeping architectural changes implemented by Haussmann

Answer 34

- innovation in construction with drainage system - Embelished with statues of Greek mythological and historical figures throughout - Greek mosaics in the interior - made famous by The Phantom of the Opera

Answer 35

- French poet, The Flowers of Evil - Observation of everyday life

Answer 36

- german literary critic - Gifted cultural synthesis; his work is highly influential in the study of culture and cities - Interested in the expressive aspect of these objects - inspired by concept of Flâneur - Arcades Project: series of sections called, “Convolutes”

Answer 37

- mixture of glass and iron, so that the arcade is a city - arcades were temples of commodity capital - Arcades as the origin of the department store. Notion that the principle of the department store indicates that the floors form a single space so that the whole area can be taken in at a glance

Answer 38

- world fair - developed to showcase worlds newest innovations - most famous exhibit was the Eiffel Tower

Answer 39

- french civil engineer - Designed and oversaw: many bridges across France, movable dome atop the observatory at Nice, statue of liberty in NYC

Answer 40

- designed by Gustave Eiffel - symbol of innovation and modernity - Controversy over its construction: Residents complained of the tower, as it didn’t match the rest of Paris - Seen as an eye sore originally - Now immortalized as one of the defining features of the city - secret apartment at top - originally painted red

Answer 41

- Earliest references to Dublin in Egyptian-Greek astronomer, Ptolemy’s work - By mid-17th century, Dublin was a medieval, walled town endured the ravages of the Black Death - During the Reformation, Dublin became Protestant - English plantation policy forces Irish landowners off their lands - Large influx of English and Scottish Protestant settlers - Catholics clergy forced out

Answer 42

- plant disease, ravaged the potato crops across Ireland, resulting in years of prolonged agricultural disaster - Resulted in about 1 million deaths, with 1 million Irish people forced to emigrate, majority of whom emigrate to the United States

Answer 43

St. Stephen's Garden - Public garden and square situated in Dublin's city centre - Space was used as a place for public executions and witch burnings Dublin Castle - built on top of a Viking settlement - Strategic location atop the highest point in Dublin, originally defence fort - Ireland’s presidents have been inaugurated inside St. Patrick’s Hall inside the castle Trinity College Dublin - founded by Queen Elizabeth I - Built on the grounds of a Catholic monastary - sister college college to Oriel College, University of Oxford and St. John's College, University of Cambridge - contains thousands of ancient texts St. Patrick's Cathedral - built in honour of Ireland’s patron saint - Gothic architecture - Different parts of the cathedral built in different periods The Bridges of Dublin (Ha’penny Bridge) - Pedestrian bridge - Name, Ha’penny Bridge stems from the toll that used to be charged to cross it (halfpenny); tolls removed (Mellows Bridge) - Road bridge (Rory O’More Bridge)

Answer 44

- Guinness beer - Irish stew (veg, beef, lamb) - Dublin Coddle (sausage, potatoes, barley) - Boxty (grated potatoes and flour making pancake) - poor house bread

Answer 45

- author - book reference to Dublin - captures every detail of the city - work pushed modernity envelope regarding style - wrote Ulysses

Answer 46

- emergence of many great writers in gothic and horror genre - shift from traditional and pre modern to innovative modernity - Disconnect between urban and rural - City vs. small town (Isolation)

Answer 47

- author - Dracula tells the story of Count Dracula of Transylvania, who travels to Britain to purchase an estate, Carfax Abbey located north of London - Inspired by Eastern European folklore, well as literary works, and short story

Answer 48

- informed the modern understanding of the vampire

Answer 49

- founded by either the Carthaginians or Phoenicians - Barcelona’s strategic location along the Mediterranean coast allowed it to grow into a major city for trade - there is no unified Spain, there are numerous independent kingdoms wanting land and influence in the area - key trading port for Spain - Was ruled by muslims for a long time before christians came and took over

Answer 50

- Convivencia, or period of “living together” - coexistence characterized by Christian respect for Jewish and Islamic culture - forced conversions of Jews and Muslims to Christianity did exist, as well as religious persecution, there were also periods of peaceful coexistence - Has large architectural influences from muslim architecture from the Moors - Architectural mix of muslim jewish and christian influences

Answer 51

- The Reconquista was a series of military campaigns launched by Christian states to recapture territory occupied by Muslim Moors across the Iberian Peninsula - expelled practicing Jews from their kingdoms - Within months, Spanish Jews were forced to either renounce their faith or depart their thousand-year homeland behind - Expansion to the New World with Christopher Columbus and 4 separate voyages - Conversos - jews that converted to Christianity - If surname is named after object, they have jewish roots as they had to change their last name to fit the Spanish Christians

Answer 52

- persecution of Jews and eventually Muslims who were accused of straying from the Christian faith - Tribunal set up by the Catholic monarchs to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms via numerous methods (forced conversions) - mass casualties - Constant monitoring of secret practices

Answer 53

- community located in southeastern corner of Spain - Consists of the provinces of Barcelona, Girona, Lleida, and Tarragona - Wealthiest and most industrialized part of Spain - numerous separatist movements to leave Spain (continues today) - Agriculture includes cultivation of wine, olive oil, almonds, rice, potatoes, and corn

Answer 54

- artistic movement happened along the First Barcelona World Fair - Inspired artists of all areas, including painting, sculpture, poetry, theatre, and architecture - Interesting balance between nature and architecture - movement went agains previous approaches to art (traditionalism and religiousness) - Neoclassicism is huge - Barcelona embraces modernism harnessing nature and natural formations

Answer 55

- concert hall - Designed by Lluís Domènech i Montaner in the modernist architectural style - Seen as a symbol of Catalan nationalist and cultural pride - Contains fluid of form; curves over straight lines; imbued with colour, particularly its stained glass windows, mosaics, and decorations, all of which are designed to reflect nature and symbolism - Ceiling looks like its sawing - Reflects nature and symbolism - Very curved showing movement

Answer 56

- supporter of Barcelona having its own identity - Architect whose style features freedom of form, wide range of colour and textures, and organic unity - Most of his work found in Barcelona - Gaudí’s design marked by juxtapositions of geometric forms, with material surfaces (e.g. stone, brick, ceramic tiles, metalwork) that featured animated, fluid, and organic patterns. Buildings featured flora, reptilian, or even aquatic designs - The effect of juxtaposition was influenced by a mixture of Muslim and Christian design in Spain, known as: Mudéjar - Dedicated majority of career to building the Epiatory Temple of the Holy Family (Sagrada Família)

Answer 57

- purchased by Josep Batlló, redesigned by Antoni Gaudí - Nicknames: House of the Dragon & House of Bones - “Scales” shine - Intense juxtaposition of this building compared to those surrounding - Embodiment of modernism - Mediterranean and marine world influences in the building’s interior: Mosaic colours of the sea; coral reef landings - Mosaic style known as Trencadís - UNESCO cultural heritage site

Answer 58

- named after Eusebi Güell, Catalan entrepreneur - originally planned as a site for housing, but was later developed as a municipal garden - Gaudí was commissioned to design the private park - Park heaivly influenced by naturalist design, with organic shapes and symbolism reflective of religion, mythology, and philosophy

Answer 59

- Villa designed and built by Gaudí - Modernist design - building underwent many changes: summer house, restaurant, and now museum

Answer 60

- Name means, "The Stone Quarry" - Modernist building designed by Antoni Gaudí - Last private residence designed by Gaudí - wavy style sparked controversy since it didn't match surrounding buildings - self-supporting structure that echoed Gaudí’s belief that buildings should be self-supporting, like trees - has religious iconography, not bc of Gaudí but bc of sentiment during construction - Residence companied and tried to get construction to stop

Answer 61

- Church, Expiatory Temple of the Holy Family - originally designed and overseen by Francisco de Paula del Villar - Gaudí took over the project, continued to work on till his death - Spires total more than 100 meters in height - Integrated support system into the inside of the building (representing muscles) - channels weight into ground: internal columns - After Gaudí took over the project, he grew increasingly pious in his faith - Gaudí eventually abandoned all other projects to just focus on this - applied the equilibrated technique to the original neo-gothic design to modernize it - Renaixensa was integral to the building’s design - The church features a style inspired by nature, with fluid forms, and arched recesses - Long considered Gaudí’s masterpiece - completion scheduled for 2026 honouring 100 years of Gaudís death, covid postponed this

Answer 62

- Structure designed to stand on its own without internal bracing or external buttressing (as was popular during medieval period) - Building should stand as a tree stands

Answer 63

- Type of music involving song, dance and instruments (particularly guitars) and castanets - thought to come from migration of Roma people, encountering Sephardic Jews and Moors, resulting in the art of flamenco - dance is most important, then song - broken into 3 strengths (cante) 1. deep song - themes of death, suffering, crisis 2. intermediate song - hybrid form of song 3. light song - simple form, lighter themes, love, humor

Answer 64

- Barcelona has 2 official languages (Spanish, Catalan) - majority of Barcelona residents are fully bilingual - importance of preserving Catalan culture

Answer 65

- shores known for having its “back to the sea” prior to the Olympic Games - Industrial area located along shore - When Olympics announced, the city’s beaches were cleaned up and developed into beautiful shoreside area - Sand brought in from other areas to give Barcelona beaches its current look

Answer 66

- Paella - Croquettes - Gazpacho - Tapas

Answer 67

- Originally performed for the Spanish nobility and elitest, rather than being accessible to all people, later opened to general public - Initially performed with matadors riding on horseback, rather than fighting on foot, shifting to on foot

Answer 68

- Matador: Professional bullfighter - outfit consists of: suit of lights, which includes a short jacket, waistcoat, and knee-length skintight pants made of of silk and satin, and embroidered in gold or silver. Pants are skintight so no part catches on the bull’s horns

Answer 69

- bulls selected for bullfighting based on specific breed bc of strength, agression, stamina - Bred in large ranches to provide as close as possible conditions to being out in the wild - between 4 and 6 yrs - Bulls are feed very well, groomed, brushed, taken care of very well

Answer 70

1. Lancing Third: bull released into ring, matador tests temper holding red towel, stab bull to weaken muscles and draw blood 2. Third of Banderillas: darts between bulls shoulders, agitating bull making it mad and weaker 3. Third of Death: final stage, showdown, cape used to draw bull, matador finally kills bull 3 part show each level weakens the bull, final part kills bull

Answer 71

- Held in Pamplona, Spain - participants wear white with red hancersheif and line the streets waiting for bull release

Answer 72

- Annual festival held in Buñol, Valencia - mass crowds throwing tons of tomatoes at eachother - trucks carry tomatoes into town - ppl from all over the world - tomatoes have already gone bad

Answer 73

- resistance to modernity - Barcelona was offered to have the Eiffel Tower built - they declined, structure was too radical - clashed with cities aesthetic

Answer 74

- capital and commercial hub of Cuba - Economic centre of Cuba and largest port city - Largest city among the Caribbean islands - buildings with baroque and neoclassical designs, as well as fortifications from the colonial period

Answer 75

- first inhabited by indigenous groups - colonized by Spanish after Columbus's arrival - island becomes one of the Spanish strongholds / central bases in the New World

Answer 76

- Built on remains of Old Force - Located at the mouth of Havana harbour - important strategic location - Allowed for observation / moderation of ships entering and departing the harbour

Answer 77

- Primary defense fortress in Havana, which guards the entrance to Havana harbour - Built around natural formation of the cliffs in the bay - Features tall walls, a moat, and lines of cannon - chain defence mechanism, fat chain could be drawn across the waterway blocking ships from entering/exiting harbour - lighthouse added

Answer 78

-Across Cuba was multiple plantations called Hacenadado which planted sugar cane, cocoa, tobacco - Bad slavery way worse than America - slaves worked to death, aprox. 14 years after they got off the ship - longest slave practice behind Brazil

Answer 79

- Cubas independence from Spain - Spain is aware that Cuba is gaining lots of political and economic power - Wants to flex privileges - Wanted representation (cabins) - Haiti id becoming independent nation against France (nations are breaking free from colonialism) - Spain is worried about loosing Cuba - entire wave of latin America independent movement across Spanish Main to Mexico to South America, countries leaving Spanish empire - Guerrilla warfare is tried and trusted which is surprise attacks and coordinated attacks at random times - Created culture of fear in soldiers as they never know when war is coming - Havana used this method against Spain

Answer 80

- Born completely impoverished - Military ruler under Cuba, major relation to America - Rules Cuba with iron fist - Created harbour front into area of night life and entertainment - Created mass following In the army due to his army skills (Got backing from the military when running for power) - American mob laundered dirty money into Cuba during Batista’s rule, which allowed them to construct and operate casinos, hotels, bordellos, and nightclubs, particularly across Havana - Feral Castro creeps in and takes control over Havana over Batista

Answer 81

- Fidel Castro sees increase in mob influence and wants to kick them out - Doesn’t want other countries to have influence in Cuban businesses - Godfather II showed Cuban revolution

Answer 82

- Usually have racially segregated dance spaces - Mambo merges the races on the dance floor - Key features of Mambo include music influenced by Afro- Cuban genres

Answer 83

- Ropa Vieja (national dish, beef stew with olives) - Platillo Moros y Cristiano (moors and christian dish), black beans - Arroz con huevo (rice and fried egg) - Picadillo (spicy, meat, onions, tomatoes)

Answer 84

- Syncretic religion that includes religious influences from Yoruba religion in West Africa and Roman Catholicism - Knows the way of the saints - Will offer animal sacrifices and food offerings - One God and many saints

Answer 85

- Americans travelled to Cuba for nightlife - Cuban government (Batista) embarked on massive advertising campaign to get tourists to come to Cuba -

Answer 86

- major tourism, money flow to Cuba - Havana conference was the meting place of all key mob figures - Fidel Castro wants to make gambling places illegal as he wants the funds to go to the government, so he closes all practices

Answer 87

- early in Batistas rule the Moncada Barracks (military barracks) were attacked by rebels opposed to the government (Castros) - beginning of a serious resistance movement to Batista in what would later be called the 26th of July Movement

Answer 88

- Batista headed to the airport with his family and escaped with three planes filled with cash and art, totaling some $300 million USD - escaped to Dominican Republic, then Portugal, then Spain

Answer 89

- Castro takes the capital and installs communist government in Cuba - Closest communism to American shores - Literacy campaign across Cuba as most of the population was illiterate - Nationalization of the hotels; Closure of all the casinos - Castro arrested gangsters; Batista’s military, government, and civilian supporters are deported or imprisoned - Havana lost tourist appeal - Havana featured drastic juxtapositions: extreme poverty vs. extreme wealth

Answer 90

- Castro banned any public discussion of racial difference, as well as any clubs organized on the basis of race - Anyone who discussed or partook in such organizations would have been imprisoned, exiled, or forced to undergo reeducation in one of the work camps. - bans discussion of racial difference - majority of positions of power within the Cuban government continued to consist of largely white Cubans

Answer 91

- close to nuclear war - The U.S. sent spy planes over Cuba, where the military discovered evidence of missiles being transferred to the island - Fidel Castro aligning himself with the Soviets - Soviet ships reached the U.S. blockade in the Caribbean Sea

Answer 92

Car - U.S. Trade embargo had major impact on the import of new vehicles in Cuba - Reliance on maintaining older cars from the 1940s and 1950 Bus - Mixture of both old and modern busses - Modern busses include second-hand Canadian school busses, decommissioned Spanish busses from Seville, and Chinese-built Tutong busses Train - Cuban railway connects the urban centres with the rural areas

Answer 93

- Tourism industry emerged early in Cuba, developing in 1915 in cooperation with U.S. investors - surge in gambeling, prostitution, drugs - revolution brings this mostly to an end

Answer 94

- 1 million tourists from Canada alone per year, representing huge market - The Struggles of Modernity: Protectionism vs. Reliance on foreign investment

Answer 95

- Castro was coming back from diplomatic trip, stopped over newfound land - Saw girls tobogganing on snow where he tried it out

Answer 96

- Capital city of Haiti, located at the top of the Gulf of Gonâve, in Port-au-Prince Bay - colonized by France - became the capital of Haiti when the nation declared independence from France - City organized and built in a grid formation - prone to earthquakes, killing many, destroying alot

Answer 97

- Haiti used to be Saint-Domingue - Towns modelled after metropolitan buildings in Paris - Roads, Fountains, Waste Removal System - print culture - Busseling town in 18th century - Waste removal would push waste down sides of road away with water pressure

Answer 98

- most lucrative sugar colony across the 17th and 18th century Caribbean. - Organized according to racial and social heierchy - (Rich whites, poor whites, free blacks (land owning), escaped africans, slaves)

Answer 99

- super bad - worked to death - life aprox. 14 yr after they got off boat - Slavery used to cultivate commodities: sugar, coffee, cacao, tobacco, indigo

Answer 100

- Resistance against brutal conditions of slavery - slaves set fire to the Northern Plains, setting off series of conflicts - shockwaves across Caribbean Sea - French commissioner abolished slavery - later he blamed free people of colour for continuing conflict, french man went back to france

Answer 101

- born enslaved, acheived freedom, assembled fighters for revolution - Revolutionary general that helps Haiti (Self taught (reading and writing skills)) - Literacy was largely banned as teaching slaves how to read and right creates uprising

Answer 102

- U.S. President feared that Germany might expand its dominance to the Americas, especially in Haiti - U.S. military responsible for policing, public works, regulating agricultural production, and monitoring entries to and departures from the country - white peoples right to own property - American Occupation lasted for a total of 19 years, prompted much criticism from American citizens, newspapers and politicians

Answer 103

- Francois “Papa Doc” Duvalier was physician turned politician who served as Haiti’s president - Conservative, anti-communist sentiments; forged relationship with U.S. officials - repressive and authoritative rule and his misappropriated management of aid money; he transferred millions of aid money to personal bank account - immense tension with Fidel Castro - made Tonton Macoute a crazy cruel military group - before his death he made himself "forever president" passing rule to his son "baby doc" where he also sucked

Answer 104

- Problem regarding issues overusing the courts - Should be dependant from control of the government - Government oversees all levels of court system in Haiti - BIG ISSUES - Accused criminals use bribes to escape imprisonment

Answer 105

- French being incorporated onto schooling of Haiti - Some legislators want to make it mandatory allowing the interaction between other nations - there is a strong feeling amongst monolingual Creole speakers that speaking Creole is an important part of one's individual Haitian identity

Answer 106

- comes from intersection of African and European religious traditions - West African Vodun and Roman Catholicism - emerged when french colonisits converted slaves to Christianity - symbol of resistance and autonomy - lots of misconceptions

Answer 107

- Vodou is a way of life merging religion, medicine, philosophy, and justice - ppl are surrounded by spirits that cant be seen - spirits are deceased relatives - serve the spirits through prayers and devotional rights carried out in worship of God for the purposes of healthy, security, and fortune - Vodou rituals keeps world in balance

Answer 108

- Formerly, the Citadelle - built by enslaved ppl - defense fortress against the French

Answer 109

- Port-au-Prince housed buildings that were used by different rulers, including the colonial governor general; king; emperor; president - most recent Architectural design inspired by French Renaissance architecture in France, particularly Paris - destroyed in earthquake, demolished, not rebuilt

Answer 110

- Partially built underground - Originally supposed to be a mausoleum but changed into a museum - big garden, large open windows allow for light - open to the public

Answer 111

- The Unknown Maroon - bronze statue - represents liberty - Depicts the rallying cry for the beginning of the Haitian Revolution which led to the abolition of the system of slavery, as well as the independence of the sovereign nation of Haiti - Broken chain attached to his left ankle; none on his right ankle - Machete clutched in his right hand; symbolic of the weapon used to fight in the Haitian Revolution

Answer 112

- slub of Port-au-Prince exists on the fringes of the city - many ppl live here - colourful exterior, defining feature - Most have no sanitation or running water, as well as intermittent electricity - government paint the houses, which locals call "the Botox", no actual fix

Answer 113

- cholera outbreak - most ppl who lost their homes dont acc own land, so they are squatters - magnitude 7 earthquake - Approx. 1/3 of the entire country's population was impacted by the earthquake.

Answer 114

Cruise ships – Floating elitism - Observing destruction from a distance - provided aid when visiting - didnt get off boat, saw from saftey Capitalism encounter Gang Violence Political Instability

Answer 115

Pedro Álvares Cabral: Explorer who received royal authority from King of Portugal, Manuel I to command a fleet sail to India - Along way to India, Cabral sailed too far west, and he arrived in Brazil, well aware he didn't arive in india - got on land, raised large wooden cross and claimed land for Portugal - named Brazil bc of large amounts of brazilwood found in area - colonization of the area for other commodities, including Sugar, Coffee, Cacao, Cotton, Tobacco, Brazilwood - slaves brought to Brazil - Islam arrived in Brazil through enslaved people from West Africa - enslaved indigenous population - Slavery lasts for about 350 years

Answer 116

- Catholic Missions established across Brazil from the 16th-19th centuries - Jesuits and the Society of Jesus - Religious conversion of indigenous peoples and enslaved Africans - non-western ppl adopt Western culture, practices, beliefs - Approx. 64% of Brazil is Roman Catholic 2023 - Islam practiced by more than 200,000 Brazilians 2023, largest Muslim community in Latin America

Answer 117

- Rio de Janeiro “River of January” - Rio possesses a blend of Portuguese, Indigenous, and African cultures - Rio de Janeiro (the city) is located in the state of Rio de Janeiro - Brasília is the capital not Rio - Most visited city by tourists in Brazil

Answer 118

Branqueamento: national policy implemented in Brazil during the 19th and early 20th centuries that promoted European immigration in order to whiten the populations - Federal government funded or subsidized travel costs from Europeans traveling from Portugal, Spain, Germany, Austria, Italy, France, the Netherlands, and Russia - Attempt to change the ethnic demographic makeup of Brazil

Answer 119

- unique balance of a modern, urban space that is surrounded by nature - Surrounded by the Tijuca Forest, the largest urban forest in the world. - Climate in Rio: Tropical, with humid and hot summers, with heavy rains which may cause flooding; warm winters

Answer 120

- Second largest city in Brazil, after Sao Paulo - Bus system developed and expanded to allow for effective movement of people throughout the city - Prostitution is legal in Rio - Site of the 2016 Olympics - developed: petroleum processing, Iron and steel production, Cement production, Aerospace development, Automotive development

Answer 121

- Copacabana: famous beach along coastline of Rio de Janeiro - Historic forts located on either end of the beach - Draws visitors from all over the world - New Years’ Eve celebrations held on Copacabana - many concerts held on beach

Answer 122

- National Language: Portuguese - diffrent dialects in Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo and across Brazil - Rio accent not representative of entire country - Accents and dialects can be reflective of socioeconomic status

Answer 123

- very poor areas - Favelas: slums located on the outskirts of Brazil’s largest cities, particularly Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo - Originate when squatters occupy vacant land on outskirts of cities and build shanty houses using salvaged, stolen, purchased materials - Juxtaposition of wealth in Rio de Janeiro; Mansions located not far from the favelas - Large wave of immigration from countryside to urban centres contributed to the growth of favelas in Rio and other Brazilian cities

Answer 124

- Large statue of Jesus Christ located at the very top of Mount Corcovado in Rio de Janeiro - Roman Catholic archdiocese of Rio de Janeiro commissioned the statue - Made of reinforced concreted and covered in 6 million soapstone tiles - stands on stone pedestal - worlds largest Art Deco influenced sculpture

Answer 125

- corruption in politics - many presidents sentenced for corruption and criminal misconduct - drugs and gangs

Answer 126

- Football is a massive part of Brazilian history and culture - a part of football history since the very begining of the World Cup - won 5 Fifa World Cup titles: more than any other country, 3 won by legend Pelé

Answer 127

- long history in Brazil and is a celebrated part of the country’s culture since the first Brazilian F1 race

Answer 128

- Dia dos Mortos (Day of the Dead) - All Saints’ Day - All Souls’ Day - day devoted to honouring dead

Answer 129

- Rio de Janeiro features a large, multifaith cemetery known as Cemitério São João Batista - Final resting place of numerous well-known Brazilian entertainers, politicians, and musicians - Cemetery features wide range of architectural styles, owing to its development over one and a half centuries

Answer 130

- world’s tallest vertical cemetery - Mausoleum is 108 meters tall, with 32 floors - 25,000 units, waterfall, chapel, peacock garden, and even a snack bar on the top floor - Final resting place of Pelé

Answer 131

- people dress in white and visit the ocean - exchange of greetings with others, reflections on the past, and looking forward to the future - largest location for celebration (usually on Copacabana) - Tradition dates back to the period of slavery, where it was believed the act of jumping over 7 waves at the stroke of New Years' marked the transition of the new year with prosperity

Answer 132

- large cultural celebration in Brazil - Carnival celebration held in Rio de Janeiro is the largest Carnival event in the entire world - 40 days before Lent - Massive floats, colourful costumes, and hundreds of street parties called “blocos” are organized by samba groups - During Carnival, Rio’s mayor gives the keys to the city to man known as King Momo (tall fat man chosen to reflect original description of king) - King Momo in reference to the Greek god, Momus, who was the personification of satire and mockery, as also referenced in Aesop's Fables

Answer 133

- Form of ballroom dance with origins in Brazil and influences from African and Portuguese culture - pelvic movements and soft sways - key Brazilian cultural dance that is performed throughout the world - popular in Carnival

Answer 134

- martial art infused with dance, music, acrobatics, and spirituality - Influences from enslaved Africans, indigenous peoples of Brazil, and Portuguese - flourished among Afro-Brazilian communities - government tried to ban, saying its self-defence is a potential threat to society

Answer 135

- 61.7% of adult Brazilian population was overweight, with 25.9% of this group being clinically obese - Huge Obesity epidemic

Answer 136

- ranked #2 in the world for plastic surgery procedures - Public hospitals: plastic surgery are either free or low cost - Government subsidizes half a million surgeries per year - risky procedures - mortgages & loans taken out

Answer 137

- tv Novellas - large part of visual culture in Brazil

Answer 138

- world’s largest rainforest - 2/3 of the Amazon is located in Brazil - Responsible for producing a significant percentage of world’s oxygen supply - approx. 10% of the world’s species (jaguars, piranhas, electric eels, poisons frogs, venomous snakes) - Second longest river after the River Nile in Egypt - big deforestation in Brazil

Answer 139

National dish of Brazil is: Feijoada - black beans, sausages, and pork Farofa - Sidedish made of toasted cassava flour Moqueca de Camarão - seafood stew

Answer 140

- Rio's pre-Lenten carnival and its Afro-Brazilian dance, samba, have bee symbols of Brazilian identity - It is a 'pre-history' because it explores the period before the musical and choreographical crystallisation of modern samba as a distinct - The specific musical genre now called samba - in a syncopated 2/4 time, played by strings and percussion, with a well-defined style and repertory of lyrical theme - enjoyed by the poor - lend of African and Portuguese musical ideas - originates from the batuques almost exclusively performed by the enslaved - clear Moorish and Gypsy influences on flamenco

Answer 141

- claimed by French - Site chosen of its strategic location along the Mississippi River - Original city featured wooden ramparts as fortification around the perimeter - grid formation, perpendicular streets to one another (area later known as Old Square, French Quarter)

Answer 142

- Spain controlled the colony of Louisiana for almost 40 years, then returned to France - Great New Orleans Fire destroyed approx. 80% of the city’s buildings during Spanish rule, so, buildings were rebuilt with Spanish design - many buildings in the French Quarter resembling Spanish architecture rather than French

Answer 143

- New Orleans prone to flooding from the Mississippi River, as well as hurricanes, fires, and disease, such as: malaria, yellow fever, dengue, cholera, among others - Louisiana countryside site of sugar, cotton, indigo, and tobacco plantations (slaves worked on plantations) - French-speaking Creoles and English-speaking Americans lived in largely separate quarters of the city - Creoles in French Quarter - Anglo-Americans in Central Business District and the Garden District - Civil war resulted in rise of white supremest forces and racial segregation

Answer 144

- one of the earliest streets built in New Orleans - Designed in straight lines along with other streets in grid-formation - bustling night life, music, food, and culture - Streets named after French royalty and Catholic saints - Marked by Spanish architecture amid Spanish control of the city after the Seven Years’ War

Answer 145

- center of French Square - ornament for the city, surrounded by government and religious buildings (executions in square) - gathering spot for meetings, military events - Square symbolized meeting place of people regardless of race, socioeconomic background, religion, sex, or creed

Answer 146

- made by Spanish, burned in Great fire - spanish style arch: thin walls, thin columns, scarce ornamental decoration on the exterior, Flanders- inspired roof - today is museum

Answer 147

- branch of a river in the southern U.S. that moves very slowly, leading to the growth of diverse plant life in it - defining features of the area surrounding New Orleans - dark swamps, overgrown cypress trees and weeping willows, thick marshes. Home to numerous types of wildlife, including alligators, herons, and egrets

Answer 148

- British took over French-speaking areas of Canada, also known as Acadia, Acadians driven out of area and migrated to Louisiana bayous - Cajun (or Louisiana Acadians): member of community in bayou areas located in southern Louisiana, established by descendants of French Canadians

Answer 149

Water levels are a problem for New Orleans - body decomposes, it expands and would pop out of the soil if it were not for the hard top soil, in New Orl, water washes the soil making it loose, and bodies pop out of ground - engeners had to make new burial methods so bodies stayed in the ground, tried heavy stones in castcus to way them down, didnt work and water lifted the bodies - now New Orl makes above ground mausoleums, known as ovens bc corpses bake from Louisiana heat

Answer 150

- Place where certain rituals and behaviours performed - Site shared between living and the dead

Answer 151

- swampy water pops bodies out, switched to above burials - St. Louis Cemetery is oldest there - Lafayette Cemetery first to permit burial of non-Catholics

Answer 152

- American author, known particularly for her gothic novel series, The Vampire Chronicles and Lives of the Mayfair Witches - Numerous hauntings / ghosts / vampire tours now exist throughout the city of New Orleans

Answer 153

- originated among African-American communities in New Orleans - Incorporates numerous other types of music forms including Ragtime, Blues, African Drumming, Swing, among many others - genre is always evolving and developing

Answer 154

- Umbrella term for different times of African- American music forms - combining musical elements from blues, gospel, pop, and jazz - Vocalists perform with emotional style

Answer 155

- celebration begins on Jan. 6th and ends with Mardi Gras

Answer 156

- Mardi Gras, or Fat Tuesday: festive day marking the end of the pre-Lent season - Tuesday before Ash Wednesday which marks the beginning of Lent - Costumes; King Cake; Cultural Celebrations

Answer 157

- Syncretic religion with origins in West African and Catholic religious practices - brought by slaves - New Orleans Voodoo believes that while God does not participate in everyday life, surrounding spirits do this (chant, dance, and music) - Misconceptions regarding New Orleans Voodoo (Dolls and other practices not connected at all)

Answer 158

- category 5 hurricane - 350-mile levee system designed to protect the city from water overflow was overwhelmed, causing water to break through the concrete barriers - Levee system was an embankment made of earth and concrete - Over 50 levee failures recorded

Answer 159

- investment in preventative future failure - Massive floodgates built, Reinforced levees build, Storm surge barriers erected, Flood wall built, Enormous pup stations put in place to divert water from neighbourhoods to the wetlands

Answer 160

- The effigy si a contrivance that enables the processes regulating performance kinesthetic imagination, vortices of behavior, and displaced transmission-to produce memory through surrogation - operates in all the cultural constructions of events and institutions that I define as central to circum Atlantic memory: death and burials, violence and sacrifices, commodification and auctions, laws and (dis)obedience, origins and segregation

Answer 161

- Area of Manhattan inhabited by Native Americans prior to European arrival - The colony of New Amsterdam founded on the southern area of Manhattan by the Dutch West India Company - Dutch built series of canals w 3 bridges, similar to the Netherlands - English took over later - New York City first capital of the newly founded United States - Randall grid formation: rectilinear grid pattern of streets seen today in Manhattan, all of which are arranged in rectangular blocks

Answer 162

- city in permanent change - Embodies modernity - Randall grid formation - one of the few things remaning constant - Staples of churches were the tallest buildings in site In the 17th century - Tallest buildings are no longer churches but finance, insurance, headgfund buildings - When embracing modernity it moves from church to cash profit - Boston is comparable to new york in the 17th century

Answer 163

- developers carved out large area of land making Central Park - artificially created lake - Developed for the people of Manhattan, rather than private - for civil health and rival the great city parks across Europe - Fake castle structure on ones property (bridge in the park - gossip girl Blair wedding scene)

Answer 164

- 5 boroughs 1. Manhattan - First settled by Dutch settlers 2. Brooklyn - Named after Dutch town, Manhattan Bridge connecting Lower Manhattan with Downtown Brooklyn, Coney Island amusement park 3. The Bronx 4. Queens - after Queen Catherine of Braganza Portuguese queen consort 5. Staten Island - Dutch colonists

Answer 165

- water is essential for development of modernization and trade - Flows along state of New York, forming boundary with New Jersey - linked to great lakes, which are seen as dangerous waters to navigate, subjected to crazy weather

Answer 166

- relive overloaded ferries, they created a bridge connecting Brooklyn to Manhattan - Marvel of its time - Neo-Gothic arch takes the weight and distributes it into the floor providing structural stability - built with steel cables to prevent snapping

Answer 167

- Depicts a woman holding a torch in her right hand, and a tablet in her left, bearing the date of the Declaration of Independence - Beside her feet are broken chains that symbolize her freedom - Seven points on crown represent rays of light and seven seas and continent - Was a gift to the U.S. from the people of France in honour of the alliance between the two nations during American revolution - Originally copper but turned to current patina because of oxidation

Answer 168

The Five Points Gang - Criminal street gang who operated in New York City during the late 19th /early 20th centuries - largely Irish-American origins - lived in slums, theft, brothels, extreme poverty - Founded by Italian-American, Paul Kelly, Included other criminals: Lucky Luciano, Al Capone

Answer 169

NYC is an enamours create that is always consuming and eating

Answer 170

- rise materialism and problems concerning corruption - mansion built along 5th Avenue in NYC, built by multimillionaires who developed their fortunes in different industries including rail, oil, textiles, etc. (e.g. Vanderbilts) - Street along 5th Avenue called "Gold Coast" and "Millionaire's Row"

Answer 171

- Street and theatre district located in Manhattan - many incredible musicals and performances like: West Side Story, Cats, LesMiserables, Phantom of the Opera, The Lion King, Wicked, Hamilton, Harry Potter and the Cursed Child

Answer 172

- located in midtown Manhattan at the intersection - Newspaper, The New York Times moved its offices into the square at Times Tower, and the square was renamed Times Square after the paper - NYE ball drop - Today it is bustling centre of metropolis visited by approx. 50 million people per year - Used to be filed of brothels, prostitute areas of hanging out, sex cinemas (Desire to change area and bolster it to make it family friendly area)

Answer 173

- space needed, prompting architects to aim skyward with their designs - Technological improvements, deeper foundations, fireproofed methods applied to roofing and frames, and electric lighting, among many other innovations allowed for increasingly higher buildings

Answer 174

- Established to promote knowledge of the arts, and made accessible to the public

Answer 175

- Grand Central Station - Most trade by ship - After revolution it was important there was a place for travel of goods on land - Primary means of transportation - Railway is critical to modernizing city - business magnate, Cornelius Vanderbilt

Answer 176

City Subway - Limited urban space and congestion compelled development of underground subway system - integral for the expansion of a modern city - Original were open are like in London with moving trollies Taxis - Hanson cabs were two wheel cabs where the people would sit and the driver would stand guiding horses that would pull the trolley - Horses made streets very messy so they moved to automobiles - TAXIS - Yellow for a uniform reason that catches the eye BUS - original name omnibus

Answer 177

pizza, hot dog, pastrami on rye, cheesecake

Answer 178

- Importance of education in the development of modern cities - Major cities all have a seat of many prominent universities (Columbia, NYU) - Private universities are very expensive

Answer 179

- Sept. 11, 2001 terrorists hijacked four airplanes crashing 2 into the Twin Towers World Trade Centre, Pentagon and a field in Pennsylvania - Race to produce safer cities and combat previous issues that place city in danger - opened war on terror - Overhaul of airport and transportation safety regulations - Rise of Islamophobia in ensuing years

Answer 180

- books: Breakfast at Tiffany's - movies: Spiderman - tv shows: friends - music: Alicia Keys

Answer 181

- Cities constantly consumes and never gives out - Can be considered as a drug and people need more - It doesn’t function you are In there experiencing of how it is

Answer 182

- movie ab gangs in NYC - 'Gangs' suggests that rookeries in the past were as violent as the slums of the present - New York underwent dramatic changes between 1846 and 1863, population doubled nearly to a million - construction boomed and the Irish readily found job, Yet no-one ever seems to work - 'Gangs' reduces working people to caricatures of unthinking mobs, prejudices shared too often by contemporary conservative - wealthy people could pay $300 to exempt themselves from the draft, a sum roughly equivalent to a labourer's annual income - working people played into racism and ethnocentrism. - Irish immigrant labourers, themselves desperate for work in their new homeland, faced competition from newly-freed black men - Independence Day parades became the occasion of the worst riots

Answer 183

- New York City as an emblem of modernity, tracing its evolution from a Dutch colonial outpost to a global metropolis - various cultural mediums such as film, television, and literature in perpetuating the city's image, while also delving into its historical development, economic growth, and architectural innovations - bustling hub of commerce and industry, symbolized by landmarks like the skyscrapers that dotted its skyline - American modernism as both a cultural and economic phenomenon - profound impact of immigration on the development of New York City - coexistence of extreme wealth and poverty within the city, epitomized by the glittering skyscrapers juxtaposed with immigrant ghettos, served as a potent symbol of both democracy and social injustice - Immigration also prompted a reevaluation of American identity, with debates arising over assimilation and cultural pluralism - immigrant experiences influenced the linguistic experimentation and thematic exploration found in modernist literature - Yezierska's narrative style, characterized by a strong individualistic voice, challenged traditional notions of selfhood and genre boundaries, creating a new literary space for immigrant women - harsh realities of assimilation and the enduring influence of Old World traditions, depicting characters caught between conflicting identities and unable to fully integrate into either world - New York City, juxtaposing images of freedom with enslavement, and ultimately, offering a vision of utopia through the construction of the bridge.