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Midterm Flashcrads > 14 & 15 > Flashcards

14 & 15 Flashcards

1
Q

Explain three positive factors that support having diagnostic categories or giving patients a diagnosis.

A
  • facilitates communication among practitioners and researchers (standardization)
  • the key to further knowledge in terms of treatment and prevention
  • allows for psychoeducation leading to more personal knowledge for sufferers of mental disorders as well as reducing feelings of isolation and uncontrollability
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2
Q

what is a panic attack? When is it adaptive and when is it maladaptive?

A
  • discrete period of intense fear or discomfort
  • at least 4 panic symptoms (heart racing, sweating, shaking, choking, nausea, dizziness, etc…)
  • develop abruptly and reach a peak within 10 minutes
  • adaptive when there is some present danger in the environment that you must confront,
  • maladaptive when occur in absence of some threatening stimuli, i.e., they occur out of the blue, or are unexpected or uncued.
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3
Q

Give examples of some common phobias and provide an explanation for why they are so much more prevalent than other phobias.

A
  • snakes, spiders, dogs, heights, water, blood
  • likely more common due to Biological Preparedness or a genetic predisposition to fear certain stimuli over others
  • Most of the common phobias involve things that were traditionally very deadly to our ancestors and thus it was evolutionarily adaptive to have a strong fear response for these ancient dangers.
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4
Q

What is the difference between Bipolar I and Bipolar II disorders?

A

Bipolar I: one or more Manic or Mixed episodes
- usually accompanied by Depressive episodes
Bipolar II: is Depressive episodes
- accompanied by hypomania

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5
Q

What is Somatization Disorder?

A

a history of many physical complaints that result in treatment being sought that cannot be explained by a medical condition and are not intentionally produced

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6
Q

What are the two types of Eating Disorders recognized by the DSM-IV?

A

Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa

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7
Q

What are the four classification categories of Schizophrenia?

A

Paranoid, Catatonic, Disorganized, and Undifferentiated

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8
Q

List three types of Insight-Oriented therapy.

A

Psychoanalytic, Humanistic, Gestalt, Emotion Focused, or Process Experiential

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9
Q

What are the three main categories of psychopharmacological drugs?

A

Anti-Depressant, Anti-Anxiety, and Anti-Psychotic

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10
Q

List six advantages of group therapy

A

1) Efficiency 2) Universality
3) Empathy 4) Interaction
5) Acceptance 6) Altruism
7) Modeling 8) Pressure
9) Practice 10) Reality Testing

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11
Q

Describe three warning signs that signal a risk for suicide

A
  • giving away valued possessions
  • writing or talking a lot about death
  • withdrawal from family and friends (social isolation)
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12
Q

List the areas covered by each of the 5 axes of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual - fourth edition (DSM-IV)

A

Axis I: all mental disorders (except)
Axis II: personality disorders and mental retardation
Axis III: physical/medical disorders
Axis IV: psychosocial and environmental problems
Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (1-100)

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13
Q

How does Panic Disorder contribute to the development of Agoraphobia?

A
  • recurrent panic attacks cause distress associated with high risk places like malls, restaurants, theatres, and other public places.
  • As the fear of having a panic attack increases a person may become more and more anxious about going out to public places ‘till eventually the person does not want to go out at all for fear of having a panic attack in a place or situation where escape is difficult or embarrassing.
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14
Q

What is Social Phobia and what fear is thought to be at the root of the disorder?

A
  • social phobia is a marked and persistent fear of social or performance situations, particularly situations that involve exposure to unfamiliar people or to possible evaluation by others.
  • the underlying fear is thought to be a fear that one will do something stupid or humiliating and that others will negatively evaluate the person leading to rejection, loneliness and unhappiness.
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15
Q

What are the four types of Mood Episodes found in Mood Disorders?

A

Major Depressive Episode, Manic Episode, Hypomanic Episode, Mixed Episode

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16
Q

What is Hypochondriasis?

A

a preoccupation with the belief that one has a serious disease despite medical evaluation and assurance to the contrary, and the person is not delusional

17
Q

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual – IV, what are the two types of Anorexia Nervosa?

A

Restricting Type and Binge-Purging Type

18
Q

Regarding the mental disorder Schizophrenia, what type of symptoms are delusions and hallucinations?

A
  • positive symptoms
19
Q

List three techniques in Rogers’ Client-Centered Therapy that are necessary for a good therapeutic climate.

A

Genuineness, Unconditional Positive Regard, and Empathy

20
Q

List three types of anti-depressant medication.

A

Tricyclic anti-depressants
Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) inhibitors
Selective Serotonin Reuptake inhibitors

21
Q

Describe three factors that are common to all types of psychotherapy.

A
  • acquisition and practice of new behaviors and ways to respond to the world
  • beneficial therapist qualities (objective, confident, professional)
  • positive expectations and hope
22
Q

List three predisposing conditions (diatheses) that can be risk factors for suicide

A
  • past attempts
  • substance abuse
  • family history of suicide
23
Q

What is the difference between fear and anxiety?

A

fear: is a present-oriented emotional alarm reaction to danger that is immediately present
- It manifests itself in the emergency “fight or flight” reaction that readies the individual for immediate action
Anxiety: is a negative mood state that focuses on future problems
- the feeling that one cannot predict or control upcoming events. It is not based on present danger .

24
Q

List the 5 different categories of Specific Phobias and provide an example for each.

A
  • Animal: e.g., fear of spiders, snakes, dogs, etc…
  • Natural environment: e.g., heights, water, etc…
  • Blood-injection-injury Type: e.g., faint from a needle, or seeing blood
  • Situational: e.g., planes, elevators, driving, etc…
  • Other: e.g., choking, vomiting, etc…
25
Q

What is Dysthymic Disorder?

A

a less severe form of Major Depressive Disorder where the symptoms are milder but remain unchanged over long periods of time (at least 2 years)

26
Q

What is Body Dysmorphic Disorder?

A
  • a preoccupation with an imagined defect in appearance, or if a slight physical anomaly is present, the concern is excessive and unrealistically exaggerated
  • the disorder causes significant distress and/or impairment to functioning
27
Q

List two genetic predisposing factors that may contribute to an Eating Disorder.

A

obesity
family history of disordered eating, alcohol problems, or depression

28
Q

List two types of Action-Oriented psychotherapy

A

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, and Rational-Emotive Therapy

29
Q

Describe the ABC’s of Rational Emotive Therapy using specific examples

A

A = activating event: getting a bad mark on a test
B = belief: I am stupid, I am a failure, etc…
C = consequences (emotional): sadness, feelings of inferiority, hopelessness, helplessness, etc…
D = disputing beliefs: everyone gets some bad marks, I am good at other things, I just need to study harder, I can learn from my mistakes, etc…

30
Q

List three stressors that can be risk factors for suicide.

A

Significant loss (friend, loved one, divorce)
Homosexuality
Recent suicide by friend or loved one, or someone famous

31
Q

List and explain 4 reasons why a diagnosis can be a negative thing

A
  1. diagnosis is often unreliable where two doctors can give the same person a different diagnosis
  2. many questions about the validity of many diagnostic categories as some diagnoses are vague and arbitrary and many categories have a lot of overlap
  3. a diagnosis can overlook the uniqueness of the person the doctor can treat the disorder, rather than the actual person suffering from the disorder
  4. there is still a great deal of stimgatization involved in mental illness and having a diagnostic label can be a source of shame and humiliation (or perceived as such)
32
Q

List three techniques in Rogers’ Client-Centered Therapy that are necessary for a good therapeutic climate.

A

Genuineness, Unconditional Positive Regard, and Empathy

33
Q

Explain “Eclecticism” with regards to the treatment of psychological disorders

A
  • using different treatments for different clients with different problems
  • or using a reasonable combination or various treatments for the same client (technical eclecticism)
34
Q

With regards to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, define Obsessions and Compulsions and provide and example for each

A

Obsessions: persistent and intrusive thoughts, impulses, and images that are inappropriate and cause marked distress, e.g., I will get cancer, Mom will be in a car crash, something bad is going to happen

Compulsions: repetitive behaviors or mental acts often performed to prevent or reduce anxiety and distress, but not to provide pleasure or gratification, e.g., constant hand washing, ritual checking, counting or having to perform rituals a certain number of times

35
Q

What is Conversion Disorder?

A

one or more symptoms or deficits affecting voluntary motor or sensory function that suggest a neurological or general medical condition, although no medical condition is present and the symptoms are not intentionally produced.

36
Q

What symptom of Schizophrenia would include hearing voices?

A

hallucinations

37
Q

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual – IV, what are the two types of Bulimia Nervosa?

A
  • Purging Type and Non-Purging Type
38
Q

What is Cyclothymic Disorder?

A

a less severe form of Bipolar II Disorder where the symptoms of hypomania and depression are milder but remain unchanged over long periods of time (at least 2 years)

39
Q

Describe 3 Sociocultural predisposing factors to developing an eating disorder?

A
  • Changing roles for women who are being asked to work and have families
  • The glorification of eating disorders as seen in the prevalence of EDs in the rich and famous and the emergence of websites encouraging EDs
  • Prejudice against obesity and being overweight in our society that seems socially sanctioned i.e., making fat jokes is not politically incorrect or is socially accepted

Midterm Flashcrads (38 decks)

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