psych test ch 14 & 15 Flashcards
The prevalence estimates of both schizophrenia and bipolar disorders are roughly comparable across diverse cultures. This finding lends support to
the pancultural view of psychological disorder
A court declares that because of a mental illness, an individual is not responsible for his criminal actions. The individual is
insane
Wendy works at Opydyne Corporation. At the last business executive meeting she showed up in pajamas and slippers. When her coworkers commented on the inappropriateness of her outfit, Wendy did not seem the least bit disturbed or embarrassed by their comments. In this example, Wendy’s style of dressing would most likely be considered
culturally deviant
The idea that you can’t be profoundly relaxed and fearful at the same time is basic to
systematic desensitization
The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia suggests that schizophrenia may be caused, in part, by
disruptions in the normal maturational process of the brain before or at birth
Jose has a psychological disorder, and his doctor has prescribed a drug that affects both the levels of norepinephrine and serotonin in Jose’s nervous system. Based on this information, it is most likely that Jose is being treated for
depression
Taken as a whole, the results from studies investigating mental illness among the homeless indicate that, compared to the non-homeless, homeless persons are
more likely to suffer from mental health problems
Hiding information or things from your therapist can be evidence for
resistance to therapy
Behavior therapies appear to be particularly effective in the treatment of
phobias
Which of the following was not a problem with state mental hospitals in the United States during the 1950s and 1960s?
the hospital was overstaffed
Erick is impulsive and unpredictable. His moods seem to be constantly changing and all his interpersonal relationships seem to be very unstable. If Erick has a personality disorder, his symptoms are most consistent with those associated with disorders in
the dramatic/impulsive cluster
A two-category scheme for classification of schizophrenia has been suggested as an alternative to the older four categories. These two categories are based on
predominance of positive or negative symptoms
Jack thinks constantly about dirt and germs. He washes his hands hundreds of times a day. Jack is most likely suffering from
obsessive-compulsive disorder
Which of the following therapies are mainly intended to eliminate symptoms rather than alter personality?
behavior and drug therapies
Tony believes that he is Thomas Edison, and he is convinced that his neighbors are spies who are trying to steal his inventions. He believes the neighbors break into his house and search for plans for new inventions when he is not home. Tony’s symptoms are most consistent with those seen in
paranoid schizophrenia
In free association
clients spontaneously express their thoughts and feelings exactly as they occur
The side effect associated with taking traditional antipsychotic drugs, that is characterized by chronic tremors and involuntary spastic movements, is
tardive dyskinesia
Which of the following statements is true?
Many people who need therapy don’t receive it.
The risks of ECT
may include both short- and long-term intellectual impairment
With regard to psychological disorders, spontaneous remission refers to a
recovery from a disorder that occurs without formal treatment
Griffin didn’t have time to study for his philosophy midterm so he called the professor and claimed he had strep throat, even though he was not really ill. He was hoping that the professor would allow him to write the midterm one day later. In this case, Griffin’s “faked” illness could be considered
malingering
Of the following, which is the most accurate statement regarding eating disorders?
Anorexia nervosa is a more life-threatening condition than bulimia nervosa.
Epidemiology is the study of
the distribution of mental or physical disorders in a population
Which of the following therapies would be most likely to employ aversive conditioning?
behavior therapy
According to the evolutionary view of mental disorders, a dysfunction occurs when
an evolved psychological mechanism does not perform its naturally selected function adequately or effectively
Antipsychotic drugs
gradually reduce psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions
Sophie takes over 40 different vitamins and herbal remedies each day to keep herself in top physical health. Recently she had some severe dizziness, but her family doctor assured her that it was just a minor ear infection that would clear up in a few days. Sophie is concerned because she is sure the ear infection is the sign of something much more serious, such as a brain tumor, and she has made appointments with three different specialists to have more testing done. In this case, Sophie’s symptoms are most consistent with
hypochondriasis
Charlene is talking with her father, and she confesses that she lied about where she had been on the weekend. Her father tells Charlene that he loves her, but that he doesn’t approve of her lying. According to Carl Rogers, Charlene’s father is displaying the quality of
unconditional positive regard
A major drug used to reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia is
Thorazine
After several weeks of feeling gloomy and being socially withdrawn, Marco has suddenly become extremely sociable and talkative. He doesn’t seem to need any sleep, and he becomes irritated when his friends tell him to slow down. Marco’s behavior is consistent with
bipolar disorder
A physical ailment that results from psychological factors without any accompanying physical basis is referred to as
a somatoform disorder
The subtype of schizophrenia marked by delusions of persecution and grandeur is
paraniod
An unwanted thought that repeatedly intrudes upon an individual’s consciousness is called
an obsession
Inflated self-esteem, distractibility, heightened emotionality, and grandiose planning are all symptoms associated with
bipolar disorder
Killian lets her husband keep all the financial records for the family, and she expects him to make all the decisions that affect the family. She refuses to make any decisions on her own, and if anything unexpected occurs she calls her husband at work to ask for his advice. If Killian has a personality disorder, her symptoms are most consistent with those associated with disorders in
the anxious/fearful cluster
Thorazine is classed as
an antipsychotic drug
Researchers have found that in schizophrenic patients, as compared to normal control subjects, the thalamus is:
smaller, and shows less metabolic activity
If you feel that your therapy isn’t progressing, you should
first consider the possibility of your own resistance to therapy
Which of the following neurotransmitters has been implicated in mood disorders?
seritonin
The two most common problems among those who seek psychotherapy are
anxiety and depression
Of the following, which is not a closely related pair of terms?
biomedical therapy and aversion therapy
Therapy that involves pairing a stimulus that leads to an undesirable behavior with an unconditioned stimulus that is unpleasant is
aversion therapy
Behavior that does not coincide with cultural norms may be considered to be
deviant
In direct comparisons of the effectiveness of behavior therapy and insight therapy
the differences are usually small, but tend to favor behavior therapy
DSM-IV uses five “axes” to describe a person’s problem. The actual diagnosis of a disorder is made on
Axis I and II
You are watching a television documentary that shows a patient who is undergoing electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). If this documentary is depicting psychotherapy in the 1990s, you should conclude that
the patient is being treated for severe depression that has not responded to medication
Suggestions for improving mental health services for American minority groups have included all of the following except
the provision of free therapeutic services for all ethnic clients
In an effort to make the criteria of mental illness less value-laden, evolutionary psychologists have proposed that mental disorders ought to be viewed as
harmful evolutionary dysfunctions
Taken as a whole, the results from studies investigating mental illness among the homeless suggest that
many of the homeless suffer from some form of psychological disorder
Dr. Benz always tries to be honest with her clients, and she never becomes defensive, even if the clients ridicule her feedback or her methods of therapy. According to Carl Rogers, Dr. Benz is displaying the quality of
genuineness in dealing with her clients
Fiona has been diagnosed with bulimia nervosa. Based on the physical symptoms listed in your text, you should expect that Fiona will show evidence of
dental problems and cardiac arrhythmias
The disorder marked by striking motor disturbances ranging from rigidity to random motor activity and incoherence is termed
catatonic schizophrenia
jack always complains of being sick. He is convinced he is dying. His physicians have all told him that there is nothing wrong with him and he should live well into his 80s. Jack does not believe the physicians and continues to search for a doctor who will confirm that he is sick. Jack’s behavior is most consistent with the symptoms of
a somatoform disorder
Tardive dyskinesia
is a neurological disorder marked by involuntary writhing and tic-like movements
The recovery from a disorder without formal treatment is referred to as
spontaneous remission
Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder than seems to occur only in Western cultures. The discovery of culture-bound disorders, such as anorexia nervosa, lends support to
the relativistic view of psychological disorders
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of
the unconscious
The use of the anxiety hierarchy in systematic desensitization allows for the
gradual approach to the feared object
Tina has been extremely hyperactive for the past week, and she has been getting by with only 3 hours of sleep each night. Her thoughts seem to be racing out of control and she is convinced that the novel she started last week will become a best seller and win a Pulitzer Prize, even though she has never had any of her writing published in the past. Tina’s symptoms suggest that she is currently experiencing
a manic episode
Which of the following behavior therapy techniques would most likely be used to treat a fear of flying?
systematic desensitization
Several research studies have found an elevated incidence of schizophrenia among individuals whose mothers
were exposed to influenza during the second trimester of their pregnancy
Epidemiological studies of psychological disorders suggest that
psychological disorders are more common than many people realize
Selena constantly thinks about climbing up the stairs to the roof of her building and jumping into the street below. Selena’s uncontrollable thoughts could be considered as an example of
an obsession
Scarlett has anorexia nervosa and Bridget has bulimia nervosa. Based on the research into these two disorders, you should predict that
Bridget will be more likely to recognize that her eating behavior is pathological
Carina is 50 years old, and she never seems to be on an even keel. Some days she is excited and happy, other days she is sad and withdrawn. Her symptoms seem fairly mild, but she has had mood swings of this type since she was in her early 20s. Carina’s symptoms are most consistent with those seen in
cyclothymic disorder
Which of the following are disorders that occur cross-culturally?
schizophrenia and bipolar mood disorder
In his investigations of the cognitive factors that might contribute to depression, Seligman found that people with a pessimistic explanatory style are especially vulnerable to depression. These individuals tend to attribute their setbacks to __________, and draw __________ conclusions about their personal inadequacies.
personal flaws; global, far-reaching
Which of the following disorders is seen only in affluent Western cultures?
anorexia nervosa
Which of the following would Freud consider to be the most direct means of access to the unconscious mind?
the content of dreams
Hamilton has embezzled over 3 million dollars from the bank where he is employed as an executive loan officer. He feels no remorse for his actions, and he is looking forward to an early retirement in some South American country with no extradition agreement. In this example, Hamilton’s embezzling would most likely be considered
culturally deviant
Which of the following statements is true?
Behavior therapies can make important contributions in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, eating disorders, and hyperactivity.
The “behavior” that is incompatible with anxiety, and that systematic desensitization tries to recondition to phobic cues is
deep muscle relaxation
Carolyn worked for the same company for twelve years. Six months ago the company closed down. Carolyn had been feeling extremely depressed over the loss of her job, and she had considered seeing a therapist for help with her depression. However, for the past week she has been feeling much better, and has decided that she doesn’t need professional treatment after all. In this case, Carolyn appears to have experienced
spontaneous remission
Which of the following is not an example of a somatoform disorder?
neuroticism
Deinstitutionalization means that
whenever possible, the mentally ill should be treated at community-based facilities that emphasize outpatient care
Which of the following statements is true?
Therapists are only facilitators, not producers, of change.
Which of the following academic degrees is not associated with being a psychologist?
M.D.
In comparison to traditional antipsychotic drugs, atypical antipsychotic drugs
yield lower relapse rates while patients maintain their drug regimen, but have much higher relapse rates if patients discontinue their drug regimen
The class of disorders marked by extreme and inflexible characteristics that cause subjective distress or impaired social and occupational functioning are referred to as
personality disorder
About __________ of psychotic patients respond favorably to traditional antipsychotic medication.
70-90%
Which of the following shows the most appropriate matching of therapy to psychological problem?
cognitive therapy for panic disorder
The evolutionary view of mental disorders argues that objective criteria would
protect against arbitrary labeling of socially disvalued conditions as disorders
To deal with the problems deinstitutionalization has created, most experts advocate
increasing the quality and availability of intermediate care facilities
What do the avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders have in common?
maladaptive efforts to control anxiety and fear
Eclectic therapists
use ideas and techniques from a variety of therapeutic approaches
Which of the following personality traits appears to be related to the likelihood of developing a somatoform disorder?
neuroticism
Which of the following statements best represents the approach of a client-centered therapist in treating a chronically anxious client?
“So, you feel that your world is a very scary place to be.”
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is now primarily used to treat patients suffering from
sever mood disorders
Jill will sit in one position for long periods of time, evidencing muscular rigidity. Jill is exhibiting symptoms of
catatonic schizophrenia
Which of the following is not one of the criticisms that has been raised concerning the impact of managed care on mental health care?
Delays in providing service result in spontaneous remission of psychological disorders in nearly 25% of cases.
The trend toward deinstitutionalization mainly came about because large mental institutions
were actually worsening the condition of many patients
Cyndi has just been to a therapist who prescribed an antipsychotic medication. Cyndi should expect to experience a noticeable reduction in her symptoms of schizophrenia
only after 1-2 weeks of taking the prescribed amount of the drug
A person who checks his alarm clock 20 times before going to sleep is being
compulsive
Roy alternates between periods in which he remains motionless and seems oblivious to his environment, and periods of hyperactivity and frenzied excitement. Roy would most likely be diagnosed as having
catatonic schizophrenia
Which of the following is not a common stereotype about psychological disorders?
Psychological disorders are a function of biophysiological factors.
The major difference between a somatization disorder and a conversion disorder is that
somatization disorders involve a wide variety of organs and symptoms; conversion disorders involve loss of function in a single organ system
Compared to traditional antipsychotic drugs, the newer atypical antipsychotic drugs
seem to produce fewer side effects
A person who withdraws socially because of an intense fear of rejection would most likely be diagnosed as __________ personality, while a person who withdraws socially due to a lack of interest in interpersonal intimacy would most likely be diagnosed as __________ personality.
an avoidant; a schizoid
Which of the following is not a closely related set of concepts?
aversion therapy, ECT, tardive dyskinesia
According to Freud, the events in dreams
need to be analyzed by the therapist and interpreted for the client
Frank witnessed a horrible car accident but cannot remember anything about it. Frank appears to have
dissociative amnesia
A disorder that was extremely rare prior to the last half of the 20th century is
anorexia nervosa
Some research studies have found that, compared to control subjects, schizophrenic patients are
more likely to have a history of obstetrical complications
Psychopharmacotherapy involves the treatment of mental disorders with
medication
The study of the incidence and distribution of mental or physical disorders within a population defines the discipline known as
epidemiology
The different approaches to psychotherapy
have developed due to tension between competing theories
Which of the following psychologists is most likely to deal with the most severe mental health problems?
clinical psychologists
Hans Eysenck is famous for studying the outcome of insight therapies. Which of the following was not one of his findings?
Neurotics in therapy showed a significantly higher recovery rate than untreated neurotics.
Darla was fired from her most recent job. Based on Seligman’s investigations into the cognitive factors that might contribute to depression, Darla will be most prone to depression if she attributes her firing to
her lack of ability to do her job successfully
Dysthymic disorder is to __________ as cyclothymic disorder is to __________.
depressive disorder; bipolar disorder
Health maintenance organizations (HMOs) can hold down costs by restricting mental health services. According to critics, these restrictions may include all but which of the following?
requiring re-certification of the service providers within the HMO
Behavior that interferes with an individual’s social or occupational functioning may be considered to be
maladaptive
Which of the following statements is false?
Prevalence estimates for most diagnostic categories appear to be quite similar across cultures.
With regard to a therapist’s sex
you should feel free to look for a therapist of one sex or the other if it is personally important to you
The key symptoms of depression in Western cultures are often cognitive symptoms, such as guilt and self-blame. The key symptoms of depression in non-Western cultures are often somatic symptoms, such as headaches and fatigue. The fact that the same disorder can manifest itself in different ways in Western and non-Western cultures lends support to the
relativistic view of psychological disorders
Client: “I’ve had a bad week. I’m really down.” Therapist: “You’ve had some unpleasant experiences lately and are feeling quite depressed as a result.” The therapist’s statement in this interaction is intended to communicate __________ to the client.
empathy
Beth is so terrified of snakes that even walking on sidewalks covered with earthworms after a rain storm makes her feel anxious. Her behavioral therapist has been helping Beth overcome her fear by having her work through an anxiety hierarchy while she maintains a state of deep relaxation. In this case, her therapist is using
systematic desensitization to help Beth overcome her fear of snakes
The transferring of treatment of mental illness from inpatient institutions to community-based facilities is referred to as
deinstitutionalization
Of the individuals who develop either anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa, approximately __________ are females.
90-95%
