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Revision > Urban Environments > Flashcards

Urban Environments Flashcards

1
Q

Define urbanisation

A

Growth in proportion of a country’s population living in urban areas compared to rural areas

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2
Q

Name causes for urbanisation

A

Natural increase

Rural- urban migration

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3
Q

Define sub-urbanisation

A

Population movement form central areas to suburbs

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4
Q

Define counter urbanisation

A

Population of cities as people move out and beyond the rural- urban fringe into truly rural areas

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5
Q

Define decentralisation

A

Movement of population and industry from urban centre into outlying areas

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6
Q

What is the cycle of urbanisation

A

Urbanisation
Suburbanisation
Counter urbanisation
Re- urbanisation/ resurgence

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7
Q

Name 5 ways a city can develop

A

Technology- technological advancements
Economic- more jobs
Social- higher living standards
Political- inequalities between rich and poor
Demographic- attracts migrants, incr diversity

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8
Q

What are the 3 urban models

A

Burgess (1923)- dart board
Hoyt (1939)- sector theory
Harris & Ullman (1945)- multi-nodal

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9
Q

Define edge cities

A

A large urban areas that are situated on the outskirts of a city, typically beside a major road

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10
Q

What is the Brown Agenda?

A

Attempt to solve some environmental problems faced by poor cities

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11
Q

What is an urban policy?

A

Strategies developed by government to manage or develop urban areas

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12
Q

Define deindustrialisation

A

Loss of jobs in manufacturing sector. Occurred in the UK in the second half of the 20th century

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13
Q

Define sustainable city

A

A city designed to meet the needs of people today without compromising the needs of future generations

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14
Q

Define albedo

A

Reflectivity of a surface

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15
Q

Define particulate air pollution

A

Release of particles and noxious gases caused by combustion of fossil fuels

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16
Q

Define photochemical pollution

A

Form of air pollution where fumes (nitrogen oxides) react with sunlight and radiation creating a brown haze above cities

17
Q

Define urban heat island

A

Zone around and above an urban area which has higher temperatures than the surrounding area

18
Q

How does the Burj Khalifa cope with wind?

A

Aerodynamic improvement
Softened edges
Can move back and forth 2 metres

19
Q

How is the Madsar institute adapted?

A

Wind provides cool air
Uses a Venturi tunnel
Cools public spaces without energy costs

20
Q

Define condensation nuclei

A

Particles in the air condense making clouds and fog

21
Q

Define anthropogenic heat

A

Heat caused by humans

22
Q

Name hard engineering strategies to reduce flooding. And example

A 
River straightening 
Natural levees
Diversion spillways
River channelisation
Dams 
Flood walls

Los Angeles river

23
Q

Name soft engineering strategies to reduce flooding

A

Afforestation
Riverbank conservation
Floodplain zoning
River restoration

24
Q

SUDS (Sustainable urban drainage system) strategies

A

Swales - sloping U shaped channels
Permeable roads- porous paving
Infiltration trenches- gravel filled drains
Bioretention basins- store dirty water
Detention basins- excavated basins acting as ponds
Rain gardens- planted with shrubs
Green roofs- minimal runoff

25
Q

Benefits of SUDS

A 
Slowing down surface runoff
Reduce risk of flooding
Prevent water pollution
Prevent drought 
Provide habitats
Creates green spaces
26
Q

Name 2 schemes to avoid river flooding

A

Adding meanders

Floodplain Wetland Mosaic- restore habitats

27
Q

In what ways are cities sustainable ?

A

Economically
Environmentally
Socially

28
Q

Define gentrification

A

Process of housing improvements done by local people caused by changing composition of residents

29
Q

7 ways to manage waste

A 
Unregulated- illegally dumped
Recycling
Incineration
Recovery
Burial/Landfill
Submergence -dumped in oceans
Trade- poor countries paid to have waste
30
Q

Factors influencing a city’s ecological footprint

A

Wealth
Size of city
Quality of public transport

31
Q

Strategies to manage urban issues

A

Improving transport systems
Affordable housing
Upgrading programmes- road building, sanitation, drainage

Social
Political participation
Laws against discrimination

32
Q

Describe how thunderstorms are formed in urban environments

A

UHI means more warm air, which holds more water
Rises, cools, condenses
Forms convectional rainfall
Condensation nuclei from pollution help clouds form
So more intense rain and thunderstorms

33
Q

Describe urban resurgence

A

Movement of people back into the city
Popular in post industrial countries eg USA, UK
New businesses may open in the centre creating jobs
May move due to lack of jobs in suburbs

Revision (30 decks)

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