Biology- Topic 7 Flashcards
Calculate cardiac output
Heart rate x stroke volume
Calculate ventilation rate/ respiratory minute ventilation
Tidal volume x breathing rate
What is required for respirometer and spirometer?
Soda lime
What type of receptors detect change in pH
Chemoreceptor
What type of receptor measures stretch
Baroreceptor
Where are stretch receptors located
Bronchi, aorta, carotid artery
Similarities and differences of Respirometer and Spirometer
Spirometer- BREATHING change in vol of air, used for vital capacity, tidal vol etc
Respirometer- RESPIRATION focus on amount of O2 used
Tracking- R=tracked by movement of liquid in manometer
S= rotating drum
Both- use soda lime
Describe a muscle
Made of bundle of muscle fibres
Bundle contains mane muscle fibres
Muscle fibres contain sarcomere, many nuclei, many mitochondria
Name the stages of aerobic respiration
Glycolysis, Link Reaction, Krebs Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation
Describe Glycolysis
Glucose broken down into 2 pyruvate.
NET gain- 2 ATP, 2 reduced NAD
Describe the Link reaction
2 pyruvate turned into 2 Acetyl CoA
Products- CO2, reduced NAD
Describe the Krebs Cycle
6C compound loses C.= CO2+ reduced NAD
5C compound loses C =CO2+ 2reduced NAD+ reduced FAD + ATP
4C reacts with acetyl CoA to reform 6C compound
Describe Oxidative Phosphorylation
Involves Chemiosmosis and ETC.
reduced coenzymes release H+ which builds up in the intermembrane space
e- passed down proteins, redox reactions
H+ moves through ATP synthase = ATP production
H+ accepted by O2 to form water
Location for the different stages of aerobic respiration
Glycolysis- Cytoplasm
Link reaction- Matrix
Krebs Cycle- Matrix
Oxidative Phosphorylation- inner mitchondrial membrane
Stages of anaerobic respiration
glucose-> pyruvate->lactate
pyruvate to lactate recycles NAD
What is substrate level phosphorylation?
When a phosphate group is directly transferred from one molecule to another.
e.g. when ADP+Pi–> ATP
What is cardiac output?
Total volume of blood pumped out ventricle every minute
What is stroke volume?
Volume of blood leaving one ventricle each time it contracts
Describe the myogenic nature of the heart.
Contract and relax without receiving signals from neurones
Due to SAN
What is the P wave?
Contraction (depolarisation) of atria.
Odd/ early beat can mean ectopic heartbeat
What is the QRS wave?
Contraction of ventricles.
What is the T wave?
Formed when ventricles relax
What does the height of the wave on an ECG mean?
The amount of electrical charge passing through. Larger means greater contraction.
What is HR when too fast and too slow
Fast- Tachycardia (120bpm)
Slow- Bradycardia (60bpm)
What is fibrillation?
Irregular HR. Can lead to pain and lack of pulse/ death
