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Revision > Coasts > Flashcards

Coasts Flashcards

1
Q

Name and describe how the 6 types of mass movement

A

Rock falls- rapid free fall of rock, loosened by freeze-thaw
Mudflows- occur on steep slopes, occur after heavy periods of rain
Slumping/ landslips- earth moves along concave plane, occur after heavy periods of rain
Soil creep- very slow movement on gentle slopes, caused by soil expanding and contracting
Solifluction- occurs in tundra areas, top soil thaws and becomes a flowing active area due to ice melting
Slides- materials move in a straight line, occur after heavy periods of rain

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2
Q

Name the 4 processes of erosion

A

Hydraulic action
Abrasion
Attrition
Solution

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3
Q

Name the 4 processes of transportation

A

Traction
Saltation
Suspension
Solution

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4
Q

Name the 5 erosional landforms

A 
Crack
Cave 
Arch
Stack 
Stump
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5
Q

Describe a discordant coastline

A

Layers of rock lie perpendicular to the sea, forms bays and headlands

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6
Q

Describe a concordant coastline

A

Layers of rock lie parallel to the sea, form coves

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7
Q

Name the 8 depositional landforms

A 
Beach
Spit
Tomobolo
Bar
Sand dunes
Salt marshes 
Barrier islands 
Lagoon
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8
Q

Define Eustatic

A

Worldwide changes in sea levels

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9
Q

Define isostactic

A

Changes in levels of land masses due to buoyancy and tectonic hazards

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10
Q

Explain the formation of a sand dune

A 
Conditions
Constructive waves 
Pioneer Plants
Lots of sand
Strong ish winds

Sand accumulates and held together by pioneer plants
Sand dunes grow in size as move further inland
Fore dunes, Yellow Dunes, Fixed grey dunes

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11
Q

What are the stages of sand dune succession (FCCC etc)

A

Full climatic climax community
Plagioclimax- human factors
Sun- climax- physical factors

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12
Q

Explain the development of a halosere

A 
Land regularly flooded
Deposition of mud and silt
Forms mudflat
Growth of pioneer plants
More mud trapped, increase in height
Other plants grow
Channels formed by tides
As land meets bank trees begin to grow
Marsh only covered at high tide
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13
Q

Differences between pioneer plants in sand dunes and slat marshes

A

Salt marshes- halophytes (resistant to salt) e.g glasswort and spartina

Sand Dunes- sea couch grass, also harsh conditions

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14
Q

What is regression/ Emergence?

A

Uplift of land or sea levels dropping

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15
Q

What is transgression/ Submergence?

A

Land is flooded by sea level rise

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16
Q

What is orogeny?

A

New mountains created on destructive boundaries

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17
Q

What is Epeirogeny?

A

Local tilting of land

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18
Q

Name types of landforms of Eustatic / Submergence

A

Dalmatian coast - sea floods valleys only the tops are exposed
Rias- funnel shaped estuary flooded and tops left exposed
Fjords- U shaped valley formed by glaciers and now flooded

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19
Q

Name types of landforms of Isostatic/ Emergence

A

Raised beaches - uplift of a beach above wave action

Fossil cliffs- found at the back of a raised beach contains fossils originally underground

20
Q

Human causes for sea level rise

A 
Pollution- heating earth
Burning fossil fuels- gases heat earth
Deforestation- CO2 not removed 
Urbanisation- more impermeable surfaces
Changes in farming- more intense, cattle ranching

Affect global warming and temp rise

21
Q

Physical causes for sea level rise

A 
Earthquakes- tsunamis
Hurricanes and storms- storm surges
Buoyancy effect- land sinking
Thermal expansion of water
Slab pull- land pulled under
Extreme weather
22
Q

Name 2 examples of countries threatened by increasing sea levels

A

Maldives
Kiribati
Carteret Islands

23
Q

What is wave quarrying?

A

Air is trapped and compressed between a breaking wave and a cliff. The increase in pressure over a period of time causes fragments to break off

24
Q

Name the 7 hard engineering strategies

A 
Straight sea wall
Curved sea wall
Revetments 
Gabions
Groynes 
Offshore reefs
Rip Rap- rocks
25
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of straight sea walls

A

A- effective, good recreational opportunities

D- £2.5mill per km ,+ maintenance

26
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of curved sea walls

A

A- effective, absorbs energy

D- £2.5mill per km or more

27
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of revetments

A

A-Sloped reflects waves, underneath can attract wildlife, cheaper than walls
D- wooden £1.2 mill, stone £1.5 mill per km

28
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of gabions

A

A- cages of rock £1mill, easy to make and move

D- don’t last long ,rocks may be imported

29
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of groynes

A

A- walls perpendicular to beach, builds up beaches , promotes natural defences
D- starves beach on other side

30
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of offshore reefs

A

A- tires and cement place to reduce energy, no visual impact, £0.4mill per area
D- doesn’t work large scale, impact on fishing

31
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of rip rap

A

A- rock walls, prevents erosion, effective

D- can be eyesore, hard to move, rock may be imported (CO2)

32
Q

Defence line options

A

Hold the line
Do nothing
Advance the line
Retreat the line

33
Q

Name the 5 soft engineering strategies

A 
Beach nourishment 
Dune regeneration
Managed retreat
Land- use management 
Do nothing
34
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of beach nourishment

A

A-replace material, natural defence

D- costs to move sand from elsewhere

35
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of dune regeneration

A

A- planting plants, preserves natural defence

D- trees take a long time to grow, may not work large scale

36
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of managed retreat

A

A- abandon current line, marsh formed=natural defence

D- land lost, many coastal areas unlikely to happen

37
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of land- use management

A

A-build away from coasts, long term, thoughtful planning

D- many houses already built in risk areas

38
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of do nothing approach

A

A- natural, no cost

D- buildings lost, land lost, insurance difficult

39
Q

What are SMPs and ICZMs?

A

SMP- shoreline management plans—> 4 different approaches
ICZM- integrated coastal zone management—> geographical, political boundaries takes into account economy and environment, social etc.

40
Q

Example of SMP and strategies

A

SMP1- Scottish border to the River Tyne

Blyth- groynes
Newbiggin- rip rap
Cullercoats- sea wall

41
Q

Information about ICZM

A

Originated in 1992 in Rio at UN Earth Summit
Aims for Sustainable development
- works on economy, environment, social and politics

42
Q

Facts about the Sundarbans

A 
32% India, 68% Bangladesh 
3m above sea level 
3 rivers- Ganges, Meghna, Brahmaputra 
Contains mangrove forests 
106 islands, 52 inhabited
43
Q

Management schemes in the Sundarbans

A
  • Construction of resistant homes
  • Eco-tourism
  • Afforestation (mangrove)
  • Embankments
  • Zoning according to vulnerability
  • Disaster management systems
44
Q

Natural challenges in the Sundarbans

A 
Coastal flooding
Tropical storms
High levels of salinity 
Instability of islands
Accessibility 
Human eating tigers
45
Q

Human challenges in the Sundarbans

A 
Exploitation
Corruption
Destructive fishing techniques
Conflict
Growing settlements 
Lack of awareness
46
Q

Facts about the Holderness

A

61km long
Cliffs made of till
Flamborough head to Spurn Head
Located above Humber river

47
Q

Management on the Holderness coast

A

Bridlington - sea wall
Mappleton- 2 rock groynes
Easington- revetments
Spurn head- rock groynes

Revision (30 decks)

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