Coasts Flashcards
Name and describe how the 6 types of mass movement
Rock falls- rapid free fall of rock, loosened by freeze-thaw
Mudflows- occur on steep slopes, occur after heavy periods of rain
Slumping/ landslips- earth moves along concave plane, occur after heavy periods of rain
Soil creep- very slow movement on gentle slopes, caused by soil expanding and contracting
Solifluction- occurs in tundra areas, top soil thaws and becomes a flowing active area due to ice melting
Slides- materials move in a straight line, occur after heavy periods of rain
Name the 4 processes of erosion
Hydraulic action
Abrasion
Attrition
Solution
Name the 4 processes of transportation
Traction
Saltation
Suspension
Solution
Name the 5 erosional landforms
Crack Cave Arch Stack Stump
Describe a discordant coastline
Layers of rock lie perpendicular to the sea, forms bays and headlands
Describe a concordant coastline
Layers of rock lie parallel to the sea, form coves
Name the 8 depositional landforms
Beach Spit Tomobolo Bar Sand dunes Salt marshes Barrier islands Lagoon
Define Eustatic
Worldwide changes in sea levels
Define isostactic
Changes in levels of land masses due to buoyancy and tectonic hazards
Explain the formation of a sand dune
Conditions Constructive waves Pioneer Plants Lots of sand Strong ish winds
Sand accumulates and held together by pioneer plants
Sand dunes grow in size as move further inland
Fore dunes, Yellow Dunes, Fixed grey dunes
What are the stages of sand dune succession (FCCC etc)
Full climatic climax community
Plagioclimax- human factors
Sun- climax- physical factors
Explain the development of a halosere
Land regularly flooded Deposition of mud and silt Forms mudflat Growth of pioneer plants More mud trapped, increase in height Other plants grow Channels formed by tides As land meets bank trees begin to grow Marsh only covered at high tide
Differences between pioneer plants in sand dunes and slat marshes
Salt marshes- halophytes (resistant to salt) e.g glasswort and spartina
Sand Dunes- sea couch grass, also harsh conditions
What is regression/ Emergence?
Uplift of land or sea levels dropping
What is transgression/ Submergence?
Land is flooded by sea level rise
What is orogeny?
New mountains created on destructive boundaries
What is Epeirogeny?
Local tilting of land
Name types of landforms of Eustatic / Submergence
Dalmatian coast - sea floods valleys only the tops are exposed
Rias- funnel shaped estuary flooded and tops left exposed
Fjords- U shaped valley formed by glaciers and now flooded
Name types of landforms of Isostatic/ Emergence
Raised beaches - uplift of a beach above wave action
Fossil cliffs- found at the back of a raised beach contains fossils originally underground
Human causes for sea level rise
Pollution- heating earth Burning fossil fuels- gases heat earth Deforestation- CO2 not removed Urbanisation- more impermeable surfaces Changes in farming- more intense, cattle ranching
Affect global warming and temp rise
Physical causes for sea level rise
Earthquakes- tsunamis Hurricanes and storms- storm surges Buoyancy effect- land sinking Thermal expansion of water Slab pull- land pulled under Extreme weather
Name 2 examples of countries threatened by increasing sea levels
Maldives
Kiribati
Carteret Islands
What is wave quarrying?
Air is trapped and compressed between a breaking wave and a cliff. The increase in pressure over a period of time causes fragments to break off
Name the 7 hard engineering strategies
Straight sea wall Curved sea wall Revetments Gabions Groynes Offshore reefs Rip Rap- rocks
Advantages and disadvantages of straight sea walls
A- effective, good recreational opportunities
D- £2.5mill per km ,+ maintenance
Advantages and disadvantages of curved sea walls
A- effective, absorbs energy
D- £2.5mill per km or more
Advantages and disadvantages of revetments
A-Sloped reflects waves, underneath can attract wildlife, cheaper than walls
D- wooden £1.2 mill, stone £1.5 mill per km
Advantages and disadvantages of gabions
A- cages of rock £1mill, easy to make and move
D- don’t last long ,rocks may be imported
Advantages and disadvantages of groynes
A- walls perpendicular to beach, builds up beaches , promotes natural defences
D- starves beach on other side
Advantages and disadvantages of offshore reefs
A- tires and cement place to reduce energy, no visual impact, £0.4mill per area
D- doesn’t work large scale, impact on fishing
Advantages and disadvantages of rip rap
A- rock walls, prevents erosion, effective
D- can be eyesore, hard to move, rock may be imported (CO2)
Defence line options
Hold the line
Do nothing
Advance the line
Retreat the line
Name the 5 soft engineering strategies
Beach nourishment Dune regeneration Managed retreat Land- use management Do nothing
Advantages and disadvantages of beach nourishment
A-replace material, natural defence
D- costs to move sand from elsewhere
Advantages and disadvantages of dune regeneration
A- planting plants, preserves natural defence
D- trees take a long time to grow, may not work large scale
Advantages and disadvantages of managed retreat
A- abandon current line, marsh formed=natural defence
D- land lost, many coastal areas unlikely to happen
Advantages and disadvantages of land- use management
A-build away from coasts, long term, thoughtful planning
D- many houses already built in risk areas
Advantages and disadvantages of do nothing approach
A- natural, no cost
D- buildings lost, land lost, insurance difficult
What are SMPs and ICZMs?
SMP- shoreline management plans—> 4 different approaches
ICZM- integrated coastal zone management—> geographical, political boundaries takes into account economy and environment, social etc.
Example of SMP and strategies
SMP1- Scottish border to the River Tyne
Blyth- groynes
Newbiggin- rip rap
Cullercoats- sea wall
Information about ICZM
Originated in 1992 in Rio at UN Earth Summit
Aims for Sustainable development
- works on economy, environment, social and politics
Facts about the Sundarbans
32% India, 68% Bangladesh 3m above sea level 3 rivers- Ganges, Meghna, Brahmaputra Contains mangrove forests 106 islands, 52 inhabited
Management schemes in the Sundarbans
- Construction of resistant homes
- Eco-tourism
- Afforestation (mangrove)
- Embankments
- Zoning according to vulnerability
- Disaster management systems
Natural challenges in the Sundarbans
Coastal flooding Tropical storms High levels of salinity Instability of islands Accessibility Human eating tigers
Human challenges in the Sundarbans
Exploitation Corruption Destructive fishing techniques Conflict Growing settlements Lack of awareness
Facts about the Holderness
61km long
Cliffs made of till
Flamborough head to Spurn Head
Located above Humber river
Management on the Holderness coast
Bridlington - sea wall
Mappleton- 2 rock groynes
Easington- revetments
Spurn head- rock groynes
