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CRR > Upper respiratory tract and the chest wall > Flashcards

Upper respiratory tract and the chest wall Flashcards

1
Q

What is consisted within the upper respiratory tract and the chest wall.

A

Upper Respiratory Tract

  • Nasal cavity
  • Nasal sinuses
  • Parts of the pharynx
  • The larynx

Chest wall

  • Bones of the thoracic wall
  • Intercostal muscles
  • Intercostal vessel’s and nerves
  • Pectoral muscled and the serrates anterior.
  • Segmental spinal nerves
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2
Q

What is conditioning?

A

mandatory to allow ideal pulmonary gas exchange to avoid desiccation and adhesions of the alveoli capillary beds.

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3
Q

What tissues is the external part of the nose composed of?

A

Dense fibrous tissue
Connective tissue
Adipose Tissue

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4
Q

Define the structure of the nasal cavity?

A

Nasal cavity extends from the nostrils into the facial skeleton and opens into the pharynx

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5
Q

How is the nasal cavity separated into left and right compartments?

A

Midline of the nasal septum.

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6
Q

On the lateral side of the nasal cavity what are the 3 projections?

A

Superior conchae
Middle conchae
Inferior conchae

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7
Q

What are the air passages between the conchae called?

A

Meatuses

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8
Q

Whats the function of conchae?

A

They increase the surface area and allow warm humid air to pass through the lungs.

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9
Q

What are nasal polyps?

A

They are non cancerous growths on the lining passage.
They can adjust the temperature and humidity of air that passes.
Traps foreign material in abundant mucus.

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10
Q

What openings are on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

A

Nasolacrimal duct

Paranasal sinuses.

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11
Q

What are the 4 paranasal sinuses and where are they found?

A
  • Frontal sinus
    Found in the front of the head
  • Ethmoidal sinus
    Found between the eyes.
  • Maxillary Sinus
    Found in the cheekbones
  • Sphenoidal sinus
    Side of the head
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12
Q

Which meatus does the paranasal sinuses drain into?

A

Middle meatus

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13
Q

Which paranasal sinus is most prone to infection?

A

Maxillary sinus, as they have Ostia which can become blocked and prevent the drainage.

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14
Q

What is the function of the nasolacrimal duct?

A

Drains tears into the nasal cavity which when it becomes blocked can cause watery eyes and infections.

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15
Q

What are the three parts of the pharynx

A

Oropharynx- behind the mouth
Nasopharynx- behind the nose
Laryngopharynx- behind the larynx

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16
Q

What components can be identified in the pharynx

A 
Superior constrictor
Middle constrictor 
Inferior constrictor 
Oesophagus 
Styloid process 
Stylohoid ligamnet 
Stylopharngeus muscle
Pharngeal raphe
Pharngeal tubercle
Pharngeal fascia.
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17
Q

What separates the oropharynx and the largo-pharynx?

A

Epiglottis

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18
Q

What are the function of tonsils?

A

Traps germs
First point of immunity as proteins called antibodies are produced by immune cells and help kill germs and prevent lung and throat infection.

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19
Q

Define the larynx

A

Composed of several cartridges which articulate with each other at tiny joints.

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20
Q

Whats the function of the larynx

A

Holds the vocal cords and manipulates pitch and volume

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21
Q

Define the association of the epiglottis with the larynx

A

Epiglottis is the midline cartridge that curls up behind the tongue.

22
Q

What components are found in the larynx

A 
Larengeal inlet 
Epiglottis 
Hyoid bone
Thyroid carltidege
carcoid cartridge 
trachea
23
Q

What folds define the laryngeal inlet?

A

Aryepiglottic folds extend on the sides of the epiglottis

24
Q

How is narrowing of the laryngeal inlet achieved?

A

During swallowing it is achieved by contraction of laryngeal muscles causing the two aryepiglottic folds to move towards the midline

25
Q

Why is the tip of the epiglottis briefly titled down

A

Tilted over the laryngeal inlet to protect it while food passes down the oesophagus.

26
Q

what structure is inferior to the aryepiglottic folds?

A

Mucosal folds

27
Q

What is the rims glottis

A

its the opening of the true vocal cords and the arytenoid casrtlidge of the larynx

28
Q

What are the bony landmarks of the thorax

A 
Clavicle 
Manubrium 
Body 
Xiphoid process 
Suprasternal notch 
Sternal angle 
thoracic vertebrate T1 -T12
Ribs
costal cartridges 
costal chondral junctions
29
Q

Main function of the thoracic cage?

A

protecting heart and lungs.

30
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae

A

T12

31
Q

Which thoracic vertebrae are typical and atypical

A

Typical - T2 - T8

Atypical - T1, T9 -T12 Does not follow the same structure as the typical structure of the other ribs.

32
Q

Where are the facets on the typical thoracic vertebrae?

A

lateral sides of the body

33
Q

What disease processes lead to pathological veterbrae fractures

A

Osteoporosis

Metasis

34
Q

What bones is the sternum made up of

A

Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid

35
Q

Where does the sternal angle lie within the thoracic vertebrae

A

T4-T5

36
Q

what part of the vertebrae does the head of the rib articulate

A

Transverse process

37
Q

what part of the vertebrae does the tubercle of the rib articulate

A

Costal facet located on the transverse process.

38
Q

Which costal cartridges articulate with the sternum

A

1-7 ribs

39
Q

Whats the advantage of anterior portion of the ribs being composed of cartilage rather than bone.

A

cartilage contributes to the elasticity within the walls of the thorax allowing the chest to expand during respiration.

40
Q

Which costal cartridges articulate with the costal cartridge ?

A

8-10

41
Q

what is the lowest rib to form part of the costal margin

A

10

42
Q

How does the chest wall move

A

Via the intercostal muscles

43
Q

What does the neuromuscular bundle include

A

Vein
artery
Nerve

44
Q

Where is the neuromuscular bundle found

A

inferior border of the superior rib

45
Q

Where is the neuromuscular bundle protected

A

In the subcostal groove

46
Q

Which muscles do the neuromuscular bundle placed

A

Inner most and internal intercostal muscle

47
Q

How many intercostal spaces do we have

A

11

48
Q

which direction does the external intercostal muscles run

A

down and forwards

49
Q

which direction does the internal intercostal muscles run

A

up and backwards

50
Q

which vessel does the internal thoracic artery arise

A

subclavian artery

CRR (19 decks)

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