Upper respiratory tract and the chest wall Flashcards
What is consisted within the upper respiratory tract and the chest wall.
Upper Respiratory Tract
- Nasal cavity
- Nasal sinuses
- Parts of the pharynx
- The larynx
Chest wall
- Bones of the thoracic wall
- Intercostal muscles
- Intercostal vessel’s and nerves
- Pectoral muscled and the serrates anterior.
- Segmental spinal nerves
What is conditioning?
mandatory to allow ideal pulmonary gas exchange to avoid desiccation and adhesions of the alveoli capillary beds.
What tissues is the external part of the nose composed of?
Dense fibrous tissue
Connective tissue
Adipose Tissue
Define the structure of the nasal cavity?
Nasal cavity extends from the nostrils into the facial skeleton and opens into the pharynx
How is the nasal cavity separated into left and right compartments?
Midline of the nasal septum.
On the lateral side of the nasal cavity what are the 3 projections?
Superior conchae
Middle conchae
Inferior conchae
What are the air passages between the conchae called?
Meatuses
Whats the function of conchae?
They increase the surface area and allow warm humid air to pass through the lungs.
What are nasal polyps?
They are non cancerous growths on the lining passage.
They can adjust the temperature and humidity of air that passes.
Traps foreign material in abundant mucus.
What openings are on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
Nasolacrimal duct
Paranasal sinuses.
What are the 4 paranasal sinuses and where are they found?
- Frontal sinus
Found in the front of the head - Ethmoidal sinus
Found between the eyes. - Maxillary Sinus
Found in the cheekbones - Sphenoidal sinus
Side of the head
Which meatus does the paranasal sinuses drain into?
Middle meatus
Which paranasal sinus is most prone to infection?
Maxillary sinus, as they have Ostia which can become blocked and prevent the drainage.
What is the function of the nasolacrimal duct?
Drains tears into the nasal cavity which when it becomes blocked can cause watery eyes and infections.
What are the three parts of the pharynx
Oropharynx- behind the mouth
Nasopharynx- behind the nose
Laryngopharynx- behind the larynx
What components can be identified in the pharynx
Superior constrictor Middle constrictor Inferior constrictor Oesophagus Styloid process Stylohoid ligamnet Stylopharngeus muscle Pharngeal raphe Pharngeal tubercle Pharngeal fascia.
What separates the oropharynx and the largo-pharynx?
Epiglottis
What are the function of tonsils?
Traps germs
First point of immunity as proteins called antibodies are produced by immune cells and help kill germs and prevent lung and throat infection.
Define the larynx
Composed of several cartridges which articulate with each other at tiny joints.
Whats the function of the larynx
Holds the vocal cords and manipulates pitch and volume
Define the association of the epiglottis with the larynx
Epiglottis is the midline cartridge that curls up behind the tongue.
What components are found in the larynx
Larengeal inlet Epiglottis Hyoid bone Thyroid carltidege carcoid cartridge trachea
What folds define the laryngeal inlet?
Aryepiglottic folds extend on the sides of the epiglottis
How is narrowing of the laryngeal inlet achieved?
During swallowing it is achieved by contraction of laryngeal muscles causing the two aryepiglottic folds to move towards the midline
Why is the tip of the epiglottis briefly titled down
Tilted over the laryngeal inlet to protect it while food passes down the oesophagus.
what structure is inferior to the aryepiglottic folds?
Mucosal folds
What is the rims glottis
its the opening of the true vocal cords and the arytenoid casrtlidge of the larynx
What are the bony landmarks of the thorax
Clavicle Manubrium Body Xiphoid process Suprasternal notch Sternal angle thoracic vertebrate T1 -T12 Ribs costal cartridges costal chondral junctions
Main function of the thoracic cage?
protecting heart and lungs.
How many thoracic vertebrae
T12
Which thoracic vertebrae are typical and atypical
Typical - T2 - T8
Atypical - T1, T9 -T12 Does not follow the same structure as the typical structure of the other ribs.
Where are the facets on the typical thoracic vertebrae?
lateral sides of the body
What disease processes lead to pathological veterbrae fractures
Osteoporosis
Metasis
What bones is the sternum made up of
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid
Where does the sternal angle lie within the thoracic vertebrae
T4-T5
what part of the vertebrae does the head of the rib articulate
Transverse process
what part of the vertebrae does the tubercle of the rib articulate
Costal facet located on the transverse process.
Which costal cartridges articulate with the sternum
1-7 ribs
Whats the advantage of anterior portion of the ribs being composed of cartilage rather than bone.
cartilage contributes to the elasticity within the walls of the thorax allowing the chest to expand during respiration.
Which costal cartridges articulate with the costal cartridge ?
8-10
what is the lowest rib to form part of the costal margin
10
How does the chest wall move
Via the intercostal muscles
What does the neuromuscular bundle include
Vein
artery
Nerve
Where is the neuromuscular bundle found
inferior border of the superior rib
Where is the neuromuscular bundle protected
In the subcostal groove
Which muscles do the neuromuscular bundle placed
Inner most and internal intercostal muscle
How many intercostal spaces do we have
11
which direction does the external intercostal muscles run
down and forwards
which direction does the internal intercostal muscles run
up and backwards
which vessel does the internal thoracic artery arise
subclavian artery
