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Patho 1 > Upper GI > Flashcards

Upper GI Flashcards

1
Q

Upper GI organs

A

Esophagus, stomach, beginning of small intestine

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2
Q

2 categories of UGI probs

A

esophagus problems and influx disorders

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3
Q

How does dysphagia begin?

A

With solids, then moves to liquids

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4
Q

Mechanical causes of dysphagia

A

Structural probs like tumor, diverticula, stenosis and strictures

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5
Q

Neuromuscular causes of dysphagia

A

CVA, achalasia (LES doesn’t open well)

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6
Q

Can ppl recover from dysphagia

A

Yes, even with trach/intubation

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7
Q

GERD

A

LES does not close well so lower stomach gastric contents does not go back up
- lack of strength or inc ab pressure

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8
Q

Triggers for GERD

A

very acidic - fatty, spicy, tomato, citrus, caffeine, lots of alc, smoking, sleep pattern, obesity, pregnancy, pharmacologic agents

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9
Q

GERD CM

A

burning feel (pyrosis), dyspepsia, regurgitating, dysphagia, chest pain, pulmonary symptoms, mouth problems (gingivitis, sore throat, laryngitis), earache

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10
Q

Complications of GERD

A

Ulcers, scars, strictures, Barrett’s esophagus

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11
Q

Barrett’s esophagus

A

Develop abnormal metaplastic cells (premalignant)
- 3x risk of developing adenocarcinoma

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12
Q

Treatment for Barrett’s eso

A

No great tx; prevention bc very low survival

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13
Q

Hiatal hernia

A

defect in the diaphragm that lets part of the stomach pass into the thorax

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14
Q

Sliding hernia

A

small hernia that leaves the peritoneum intact
- no tx

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15
Q

Paraesophageal hernia

A

Part of the stomach pushes through the diaphragm and stays there permanently; can protrude into the chest if peritoneum is thin

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16
Q

Can there be mixed type hiatal hernia

A

Yes

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17
Q

Causes of hiatal hernia

A

Age related, injury or damage may weaken diaphragm muscle, excess pressure on muscle and/or stomach (cough, vom, BM strain), obesity, smoking

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18
Q

CM of hiatal hernia

A

Belching, dysphagia, chest or epi pain or asymptomatic

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19
Q

CM that only goes with paraeso hernia

A

GERD

20
Q

Tx for hiatal hernias

A

CONSERVATIVE
- small frequent meals
- sit up after eating
- avoid tight clothes and abdominal supports
- wt control
- antacids for GERD/esophagitis
Surgery as last resort

21
Q

Gastritis

A

Inflammation of the stomach

22
Q

Acute gastritis

A

Temporary inflammation, no intestine function
- lasts 2-10d

23
Q

Chronic gastritis

A

Progressive inflammation from H. pylori or autoimmune (parietal cells attacked)
- lasts weeks to years

24
Q

Acute gastritis is r/t…

A

Drugs, alcohol and irritating substances, NSAIDs, infectious agents like H. pylori

25
Q

Complications of chronic gastritis

A

PUD, bloating, anemia, gastric cancer

26
Q

H. pylori

A

Gram - spirobacteria
- needs acid
- overgrowth causes chronic gastritis, PUD, stomach cancer
- asymptomatic at first
- transmitted with fluids or food and water

27
Q

CM of gastritis

A

Burning, vomiting, anorexia, postprandial discomfort (after eating), gas, hematemesis

28
Q

Acute gastroenteritis

A

Inflammation of the stomach and small intestine
- viral (Norovirus or rotovirus)
- bacterial (E. coli, Salmonella, campylobacter)
- parasitic infx
- lasts 1-3 days up to 10 days

29
Q

CM of acute gastroenteritis

A

diarrhea (bloody if bacterial), abdominal pain, N/V, fever, malaise

30
Q

BIG risk for acute gastroenteritis

A

FVD

31
Q

Tx for acute gastroenteritis

A

Usually let it play out

32
Q

Locations of ulcers

A

eso, stomach (gastric), or duodenum (peptic ulcer)

33
Q

What causes PUD

A

Often after exposure to acid and H. pylori, injury causing substances (NSAIDs), alcoholic

34
Q

What can worsen PUD

A

NSAIDs, smoking, pepsin

35
Q

Protective factors for PUD

A

Mucus, bicarb, BF, prostaglandins

36
Q

Does the body try to balance factors for PUD

A

YES

37
Q

Risk factors for PUD

A

family, stress (not a cause), SMOKING

38
Q

Why does stress worsen PUD

A

Increases gastric acid secretion

39
Q

NSAIDs-induced PUD

A

lose protective prostaglandin layer when you take NSAIDs

40
Q

Risk fx for NSAID-induced PUD

A

Older, higher and more freq doses, take chronic steroids, anticoags, PUD hx, serious system diagnosis, H. pylori

41
Q

Patho of PUD

A

Damage mucosa –>histamine secreted–>inc acid and pepsid secretions–>further damage–>vasodilation which bring WBCs to the area and edema–>damaged BVs can cause bleeding

42
Q

Duodenal ulcers

A
  • more common
  • any age, often early adulthood
  • often from NSAIDs
43
Q

Gastric ulcers

A
  • 50-70Y
  • bc inc use of NSAIDs, stomach, anticoags
  • more like to have serious systemic illnesses
44
Q

CM of PUD

A

none or N/V, anorexia, wt loss, bleeds
- burning pain in the middle of the ab when stomach is empty

45
Q

CM for gastric PUD

A

burning, cramping, gas-like, epigastrum, back
- 1-2h post eating

46
Q

Duodenal CM

A

Same as gastric but 2-4h post eating

47
Q

Complications of PUD

A
  • Hemorrhage - stomach and int pretty vascular
  • Obstruction
  • Perforation and peritonitis

Patho 1 (30 decks)

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