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Patho 1 > Male Reproductive > Flashcards

Male Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

Major cancer of 15-34Y

A

Testicular cancer

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2
Q

Big cause of male sterility

A

Testicular cancer

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3
Q

Risks for testicular cancer

A

Family hx, white, HIV esp in AIDS stage, cryptorchidism (testes not descended by 3M, and most not descended by 3Y, longer w/o descension, higher risk of cancer)

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4
Q

Can you get cancer in a teste if it descended with cryptorchidism?

A

YES (25%)
- if pt has corrected after 12Y or never, 2-6x higher chance of getting T cancer

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5
Q

What kind of tumor is most testicular cancer?

A

Germ cell tumors

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6
Q

Germ cells

A

Sperm forming

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7
Q

Seminomas

A

Rise from immature germ cells
- slow growing, non aggressive
- easy cure with radiation

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8
Q

Non-seminomas

A

From mature germ cells
- more aggressive, need surgery

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9
Q

CM of testicular cancer

A

Early - enlarge, painless mass, ache in groin or heaviness in scrotum
Late - frank pain, sx based on metastasis (cough, hemoptysis, swell, back pain, dizzy)

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10
Q

How deadly is testicular cancer?

A

Very curable if caught in early stage; not too deadly even in late stage

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11
Q

Prostate

A

Heart shaped gland around the urethra that makes seminal fluid

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12
Q

BPH

A

nonmalignant growth of epithelial (mechanical obs) and smooth muscle (dynamic obs) cells; both obstruct the urethra

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13
Q

Cause of BPH

A

unknown; sometimes from lower UTI

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14
Q

Risk for BPH

A

age, fam hx, race (higher in AfAm, lowest in Asian pop)

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15
Q

BPH theory of hormone imbalance

A

make T and little estrogen; T dec with time but est stays same of inc slightly, causing an imbalance from growth factors released

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16
Q

DHT accumulation theory of BPH

A

dihydrotestosterone increase and accumulates and activates growth factor and influences by presence of estrogen

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17
Q

DHT

A

dihydrotestosterone–made with T and 5-alpha-reductase

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18
Q

What does DHT do?

A

controls acne, growth of prostate, hair on chest, baldness

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19
Q

CM of BPH

A

frequency, urgency, delay in initation, dec force of urine, inc urine time, dribbling

20
Q

Complication of BPH

A

obstructive neuropathy, bladder stones, recurring UTIs, renal problems

21
Q

Tx of mild BPH

A

Mild - watchful wt and annual eval

22
Q

Tx of moderate BPH

A

drug therapy
- 5-alpha reducatase inhibitor and alpha 1 adrenergic antagonist

23
Q

Tx of severe BPH

A

invasive surgical procedures and microwave therapy to dec excessive tissue

24
Q

Most common cancer in US men

A

prostate cancer

25
Q

Risk factors for prostate cancer

A

Age over 50, family history, high fat diet

26
Q

What is prostate cancer r/t?

A

altered sex hormone production

27
Q

Tx for prostate cancer

A

removal, chemo, radiation

28
Q

Prostate cancer CM

A
  • mostly asymp when early
  • bone pain with metastasis
  • mets to lungs via lymph (cough and hemoptysis)
  • pumonary symptoms
29
Q

PSA screening

A

See paper notes

30
Q

Prostate cancer severity decided by…

A
  • Gleason score from tissue biopsy of 2 different spots (higher is worse)
  • tumor volume - PSA level and # of cores (dx cancer earlier than digital rectal)
31
Q

Erectile dysfunction

A
  • impotence
  • can’t maintain erection for satisfactory sex
32
Q

ED is often assoc with…

A

Chronic illness

33
Q

Primary ED

A

rare and lifelong; often early vascular trauma or severe psych prob

34
Q

Secondary ED

A

history is normal then it develops

35
Q

Psychogenic cause of ED

A

depression, dec libido, performance anxiety, strained relaxation

36
Q

Organic cause of ED

A

peripheral vascular disease, meds (antideps and antiHTN), endocrine, trauma, surg, dec T levels, sedentary

37
Q

Erection patho

A

arousal - inc ParaNS and nitric oxide - nitric oxide activates cGMP - relaxation of arteries and smooth muscles - inc inflow/dec outflow - engorgement and erection

38
Q

Drugs for ED

A

PDE-5 inhibitors

39
Q

When is chemo used for prostate cancer?

A

When late sx are occurring

40
Q

BPH often causes…

A

lower urinary tract syndrom

41
Q

T/F: bigger prostate causes worse symptoms

A

FALSE

42
Q

Benefits of PSA

A
  • small survival benefit
  • associated with 50% dec in prostate cancer deaths in US
43
Q

Harms of PSA screening

A
  • takes 48 dx to prevent 1 death
  • only 1/3 men with positive PSA have cancer
  • unnecessary biopsies
  • SE of unnecessary tx include ED, incontinence, bowel probs
44
Q

Prostate cancer tx

A
  • no meds
  • surgical
  • chemo or radiation
45
Q

cGMP

A

cyclic guanosine monophosphate

46
Q

What does PDE-5 do?

A

Remove cGMP

Patho 1 (30 decks)

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