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Patho 1 > Sensory > Flashcards

Sensory Flashcards

1
Q

Cataracts

A

cloudy lens, gradual painless blurriness; if untreated, can go blind

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2
Q

Risk for cataracts

A

old (almost all will get), eye trauma (babies get premature cataracts), congenital risk, DM, steroid use, smoke and alc

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3
Q

Cataract manifestations of vision

A

-Painless
- Uni- or bilateral vision changes
- Blurry
- Halo around lights
- Altered color perceptions
- Glare issues at night
- Decreased
accommodation

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3
Q

Cataracts tx

A

laser eye tx
- no pharm

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3
Q

Retinopathy most common type

A

diabetic retinopathy (40% over 40 have it)

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4
Q

Nonprolific retinopathy

A
  • Capillary microaneurysms, retinal swelling, hard exudate
  • Macular edema- plasma leaks
    from macular blood vessels
  • Capillaries rupture, leading to “dot or blot” hemorrhaging
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5
Q

Proliferative retinopathy

A
  • All patho of nonproliferative plus advanced retinopathy
  • New blood vessels are fragile and leaky
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6
Q

Hypertensive retinopathy

A
  • Etiology: high blood pressure creates blockages in retinal bloodvessels
  • no initial chx
  • sustained, severe HTN can cause sudden visual loss related swelling of the optic disc and nerve–ischemia
  • exudative and hemorrhage like with diabetic retinopathy
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7
Q

Retinal detachment

A
  • retinal has tear or leak
  • vitreous humor flows behind retina
  • rapid, prog detach from choroid (spontaneous)
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8
Q

Risks for detached retina

A

Myopia, over 40, trauma to eye like eye tumor and complication of cataract surgery

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9
Q

CM of detached retina

A

 SUDDEN, unilateral
vision loss
 Painless
 May see floaters
 Flashes of light

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10
Q

Macular degneration

A

Most common irreversible vision loss over 60

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11
Q

Dry MD

A
  • most common, 90%
  • yellow deposits in retinal pigment epithelium
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12
Q

Wet (exudative) MD

A
  • 10%
  • more hemorrhagic
  • grow new leaky (hemorrhagic) BVs in abnormal part of retina
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13
Q

Protection for MD

A

 Dark green, leafy vegetables protective

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14
Q

Risk factor for MD

A

Family history, genetics, UV light,
hyperopia, smoking, light-colored eyes

15
Q

CM for MD and tx

A

Early on– usually no symptoms
Later:
 Blurred, darkened vision
 Blind spots (scotomas)
 Distorted vision (metamorphopsia)
Vision does not improve, treatment
is limited
 Medications are injected into the eye

16
Q

Glaucoma

A

inc IOP plus vision change or optic nerve damage
- chronic
- usually bilateral

17
Q

Open angle risk for glaucoma

A
  • still some flow
     Elevated IOP
     Age- older
     Race: African-Americans 3-4x higher
    risk
     Family history
     Myopia
     Diabetes, HTN, migraines
18
Q

Open-angle glaucoma patho

A
  • Abnormal trabecular meshwork
  • Reduced drainage of aqueous humor into canal of Schlemm
  • Imbalance between inflow and outflow
  • Results in increased IOP and vision problems
19
Q

Open angle glaucoma CM

A

 None usually
 Progressive loss of sight
 Vague eye pain
 Halos around lights
 Tunnel vision

20
Q

Closed angle glaucoma

A
  • Much less common
  • Abnormal angle between the iris and later cornea
  • Outflow is blocked when the pupil is DILATED
  • Aka acute angle-closure glaucoma
    (AACG) or narrow-angle glaucoma
21
Q

Acute angle closure glaucoma is an

A

EMERGENCY - sudden complete closure - outcome based on time of tx

22
Q

Closed angle glaucoma risks

A
  • Asian American ethnicity
  • Females
  • Hyperopia
  • Family history
  • older age
23
Q

What triggers acute angle closure glaucoma

A

Anticholinergic drugs

24
Q

Acute closed angle glaucoma CM

A

 Typically UNILATERAL but other eye is at risk
 SEVERE eye pain
 Nausea and vomiting
 Blurry vision, halos
 Reddened eyes
 Dilated pupil– non-reactive to light
 Cloudy cornea

25
Q

Glaucoma and blindness

A

 Due to the increased
IOP
 More pressure on
inner eye structures
 Decreased blood
flow to optic nerve
 Nerve fiber death
blindness

26
Q

Pharm for glaucoma

A

 Drugs that DECREASE
aqueous humor
production
 INCREASE aqueous
humor drainage
 Or both

27
Q

How to use eye drops

A

use nasolacrimal pressure for 2 min to prevent from spreading systemically

28
Q

Drugs that dec AH prod

A

beta blocker, alpha adrenergic agonist

29
Q

Drugs that inc AH drainage

A

prostaglandin analogs, alpha 2 adrenergic agonist (maybe)

30
Q

Meniere disease

A

Endolymphatic hydrops
- unilateral or bilateral excessive endolymp and pressure in membranes disrupt vestibular and hearing fxn

31
Q

Meniere CM

A

Recurring episodes of vertigo [usually with nausea & vomiting], hearing loss, ringing in the ears (tinnitus), and feeling of fullness

32
Q

Meniere tx

A

Symptomatic - diet change (lower salt), caffeine, alc, stress, MSG, allergies

33
Q

When does Meniere start

A

age 20-40 usually

34
Q

HTN retinopathy tx

A
  • normal vision can be restored with HTN tx
  • no pharm
  • meet with dr regularly to control progression
35
Q

Etiology for macular degneration

A

Retinal aging

36
Q

Tx for acute open angle glaucoma

A

Surgical intervention

37
Q

What drug might you give with Meniere’s

A

Ones that help with dizziness

Patho 1 (30 decks)

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