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► Med Misc 49 > Unit VIII > Flashcards

Unit VIII Flashcards

1
Q

What does the epiglottis do?

A

Prevents aspiration

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2
Q

What is the major role of the respiratory system?

A

Provide oxygen for tissue perfusion & remove carbon dioxide

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3
Q

Orthopnea

A

Positional breathing

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4
Q

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

A

Sudden difficulty breathing at night

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5
Q

Hair like structure that moves particles

A

Cilia

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6
Q

What happens to inhaled air by tissue lining nasal cavity

A

Moistened
Warmed
Cleansed

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7
Q

What are the major structure of the respiratory system

A 
Nose
Nasal cavity
Mouth
Pharynx 
Larynx
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8
Q

What are the major functions of upper airway?

A

Air conduction
Protection
Warming filtration
Humidification

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9
Q

From normally midline septum protrudes more to one side of nasal passage

A

Deviated septum

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10
Q

Deviate ion reconstructed & aligned with minimal cartilage & bone removal

A

Septoplasty

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11
Q

Removal of deviated section of cartilage & bone

A

Sub mucosal resection

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12
Q

Epitaxis

A

Nosebleed

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13
Q

Complications of nasal packing

A

Septal hematoma
Septal pressure necrosis
Sinusitis
Toxic shock syndrome

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14
Q

What is the cause of the common cold

A

Virus

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15
Q

Common cold aka

A

Rhinitis

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16
Q

Incubation time of rhinitis

A

18-48 hours

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17
Q

Reaction of nasal mucosa to allergen

A

Allergic rhinitis

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18
Q

Influenza symptoms have a ______ onset of respiratory symptoms

A

Abrupt

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19
Q

What is a serious implication of influenza

A

Bacterial pneumonia

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20
Q

Zanamivir and amantadine do what for influenza

A

Prevent & treats

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21
Q

Infection of more than one sinus

A

Pan sinusitis

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22
Q

What sinus is most effected

Largest sinus

A

Maxillary sinus

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23
Q

What sinus can cause brain & ear infections

A

Frontal sinus

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24
Q

Chronic

A

Last more than one month, reoccurring

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25
Q

Antitussives are used for

A

Dry hacking cough

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26
Q

Persistent infection associated with allergies and nasal polyps

A

Chronic sinusitis

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27
Q

What are contraindications of giving a nasal decongestants

A

Blow nose after medication is given

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28
Q

Benign mucous membrane masses

A

Polyps

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29
Q

Inflammation of pharyngeal walls may include tonsils, palate and uvula

A

Acute pharyngitis

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30
Q

Absence of breathing

A

Apnea

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31
Q

Shallow slow respirations

A

Hypopnea abnormally

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32
Q

Increased PaCO2

A

Hypercapnia

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33
Q

Decreased PaO2

A

Hypoxemia

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34
Q

Snoring
Morning HA
Personality changes, irritability
Frequent awakening

A

Sleep apnea

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35
Q

Polysomnography

A

Sleep study

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36
Q

Prevents food from entering lungs

Closes over glottis during swallowing

A

Epiglottis

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37
Q

Larynx is composed of 3 cartilages

A

Thyroid
Cricoid
Epiglottis

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38
Q

Inflammation of mucous membranes in lining of larynx

A

Laryngitis

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39
Q

What is the most common symptom of laryngeal polyps

A

Hoarseness

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40
Q

Examination of larynx with a lighted speculum

A

Direct laryngoscopy

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41
Q

What may happen to patients with laryngitis

A

Change in appearance that may be devastating

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42
Q

Partial removal one vocal cord

A

Cordectomy

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43
Q

Removal vocal cord or part requires temporary trach

A

Hemilarynectomy

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44
Q

Removal of structures above the cords

A

Supraglottic laryngectomy

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45
Q

A total laryngectomy is the removal of

A 
Epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
1-4 tracheal rings
Resection hyoid bone 
Hypopharynx muscles reconstructed
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46
Q

What surgery decreases lymphatic spread (matestasis)

A

Radical neck dissection

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47
Q

Concentrated localized method of radiation to target area

A

Brachytherapy

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48
Q

What is the most important thing to do post op

A

Assess breath sounds

Leave call bell in reach

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49
Q

Fistula

A

Abnormal opening

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50
Q

Lower respiratory tract structures are

A 
Trachea
Lung
Right & left mainstem bronchi 
5 secondary bronchi
Bronchioles 
Alveoli
Alveolar sacs
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51
Q

Where does the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide take place

A

Capillary bed of the alveolar sacs

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52
Q

Windpipe

A

Trachea

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53
Q

Top of lung

A

Apex

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54
Q

Bottom of lung

A

Base

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55
Q

Normal tidal volume

A

500 mL

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56
Q

Tidal volume is

A

Capacity of air in lungs

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57
Q

Is there oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange at the terminal bronchioles

A

No

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58
Q

Decrease in diameter of airways

A

Bronchoconstriction

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59
Q

Increase of diameter of airway

A

Bronchodilation

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60
Q

What does the pores of Kohn allow

A

Air movement from alveolus to alveolus

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61
Q

Alveolar surface composed of cells that provide

A

Structures & cells that secrete surfactant

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62
Q

What stimulates the production of surfactant

A

Deep breathing

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63
Q

Atelectasis

A

Collapsed airless alveoli

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64
Q

What is the waste product of tissue metabolism

A

Carbon dioxide

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65
Q

Ventilation

A

Amount of air in aveoli

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66
Q

Perfusion

A

Amount of blood in capillaries

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67
Q

What determines the effiency of gas exchange

A

Relationship between ventilation & perfusion

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68
Q

Decrease pH

Increased CO2

A

Respiratory acidosis

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69
Q

Decreased pH

Decreased HCO3

A

Metabolic acidosis

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70
Q

Increased pH

Decreased CO2

A

Respiratory alkalosis

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71
Q

Increased pH

Increased HCO3

A

Metabolic alkalosis

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72
Q

Obstruction of bronchioles
Decreased gas exchange
Increase exudate

A

Pneumonia

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73
Q 
Fatigue 
anorexia
Pleuritic chest pain
Chronic cough
Night sweats
Hemoptysis
A

Tuberculosis

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74
Q 
Orthopenic 
Digital clubbing
Barrel chest
Wheezing
Pursed lip breathing 
Dyspneic
A

COPD

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75
Q

Pink puffer
Increase CO2 retention
Anxious
Prolonged expiratory time

A

Emphysema

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76
Q

Blue bloater
Hypoxia
Hypercapnia
Increase RR

A

Chronic bronchitis

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77
Q

Tachypnea

A

Fast breathing

78
Q

Bradypnea

A

Slow breathing

79
Q 
Tachypnea
Hypoxia
Dyspneic
Tachycardia
Hemoptysis
Sudden sharp chest pain
A

Pulmonary embolus

80
Q

Air in the pleural cavity resulting in lung collapse

A

Pneumothorax

81
Q

Membrane covering the lungs

A

Visceral pleura

82
Q

Collection of blood within the pleural space

A

Hemothorax

83
Q

Cloudy fluid

A

Exudate

84
Q

Watery substance clear in color

A

Transudate

85
Q

Inner layer of the pleura which attaches its self to the lungs

A

Visceral pleural

86
Q

Outer layer of pleural which connects to the chest wall

A

Parietal pleural

87
Q

Removal of fluid from the pleural cavity through a needle inserted between ribs

A

Thoracentesis

88
Q

Collection of fluid between lining of lung and wall of chest cavity

A

Pleural effusion

89
Q

Bloody vomitus

A

Hematemesis

90
Q

Bloody sputum

A

Hemoptysis

91
Q

Ventilation is normal but perfusion is reduced or absent

A

Dead space ventilation

92
Q

Pulmonary circulation is normal but not enough oxygen is available

A

Shunt

93
Q

Absence of ventilation & perfusion

A

Silent shunt

94
Q

Breathing in is a ______ process

A

Active

95
Q

Breathing out is a ______ process

A

Passive

96
Q

Elastic recoil happens during

A

Expiration

97
Q

Regular rhythm but breathing is deeper and may be slow or fast
Body’s response to acidosis

A

Kussmaul’s respirations

98
Q

Where ate the pores of kohn found

A

Aveoli

99
Q

Normal ventilation to perfusion ratio

A

4-5

100
Q

If you have a pt with right sided pneumonia what side would you lay them on

A

Left

101
Q

If you had a pt with bilateral pneumonia what side would you lay them on

A

Right

102
Q

Ball park pulmonary pressures

A

25/10

103
Q

Space between lungs

A

Mediastinum

104
Q

Which ribs attach directly to sternum

A

1-7

105
Q

Which ribs attach to cartilage to proceeding rib

A

8-10

106
Q

Which ribs are floating

A

11 & 12

107
Q

Which pleura has pain fibers

A

Parietal pleural

108
Q

Inter pleural pressure is

A

Negative

109
Q

During inspiration the diaphragm

A

Contracts

110
Q

When inspiration is difficult which muscles ate used

A

Scalenus

111
Q

Tendency for lungs to recoil after being stretched or expanded

A

Elastic recoil

112
Q

Restricted movement of lungs

A

Pleural effusion

113
Q

Increase fluid in lungs

A

Pulmonary edema

114
Q

Make lung tissue less elastic

A

Pulmonary fibrosis

115
Q

The respiratory center of the CNS is located where

A

Medulla

116
Q

As lungs inflate the pulmonary stretch receptors activate inspiratory center to inhibit further expansion , or over distention

A

Hearing Breuer reflex

117
Q

Respiratory defense mechanisms

A 
Filtration of air
Cough reflex 
Reflex bronchoconstruction 
Cilia
Etc
118
Q

Handle like superior part of sternum joins clavicle

A

Manubrium

119
Q

Paroxysmal

A

Irregular

120
Q

What is the most common respiratory symptom

A

Cough

121
Q

Mucupurulent

A

Pus

122
Q

Expectorant of blood originating from respiratory Tracy below pharynx

A

Hemoptysis

123
Q

Inspection

A 
CRAMP
chest wall symmetry 
RR & pattern 
Accessory muscle use
Masses or scars
Paradoxical movement
124
Q

Cyanosis to fingers toes tip of nose

A

Peripheral cyanosis

125
Q

Is cyanosis a late or early sign?

A

Late

126
Q

Normal RR

A

12-20

127
Q

Rapid breathing but pause between each breath

A

Biot’s

128
Q

Increase deep breaths, periods of apnea

A

Cheyne-stokes

129
Q

Resonance low pitch hollow sound

A

Normal lung

130
Q

What are normal breath sounds sound like

A

Soft & breezy

131
Q

Bubbling non musical high pitched crackling sound on inspiration
Not cleared through cough

A

Crackles

132
Q

Musical sound high pitched squeaky

A

Wheeze

133
Q

Continuous rumbling snoring rattling

May clear with cough

A

Rhonchi

134
Q

High pitched crowing

Obstructed upper airway

A

Stridor

135
Q

Creaking low pitched grating
Painful
Inhalation & exhalation

A

Pleural friction rub

136
Q

Normal WBC

A

5-10 thousand

137
Q

What dies hemoglobin do

A

Transports o2

138
Q

Normal hemoglobin

A

Male 13-18

Female 12-16

139
Q

Non invasive device that measures arterial blood oxygen saturation

A

Pulse ox

140
Q

Normal SaO2 pulse ox

A

95-100

141
Q

Culture & sensitivity

A

Sterile container

Taken in am

142
Q

If pt’s on metformin must wait 48 hours for contrast or will end up with

A

Renal failure

143
Q

Maximum amount of air that can be inhaled & exhaled

A

Vital capacity

144
Q

Acute bronchitis is most commonly

A

Virus

145
Q

Inflammation of lower respiratory tract that involves lung parenchyma, “friendly killer”

A

Pneumonia

146
Q

Pneumonia onset in community or 1st 2 hospital days

A

Community acquired pneumonia

Streptococcus is common cause

147
Q

Pneumonia that occurs 48 hours or longer after admission

A

Hospital acquired pneumonia

148
Q

What has the highest mortality rate of nonsocomical infections

A

Hospital acquired pneumonia

149
Q

Pneumonia that found in pt’s that are on steroids, ca pt’s, HIV pt’s

A

Fungal

150
Q

Pneumonia caused by Abnormal entry of secretions into lower airway

A

Aspiration pneumonia

151
Q

Pneumonia caused by immune deficiencies, transplant recipients

A

Opportunistic pneumonia

152
Q

What is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia

A

Streptococcus pneumonia

153
Q

Massive dilation of capillaries alveoli fill with organisms

Lungs apper red

A

Red hepatization

154
Q

Blood flow decreases pleuritic pain, sputum may be purulent

A

Gray hepatization

155
Q

Mycoplasma pneumonia

A

Walking pneumonia

156
Q

Legionella

A

Droplet spread

157
Q

Sudden onset chills, fever, cough

A

Pneumonia

158
Q

Empyema

A

Pus in drainage

159
Q

Teaching for pneumonia

A

Space activities so pt does not over do it

160
Q

Bacterial infectious disease transmitted by mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

Tuberculosis

161
Q

What kills more world wide than any other infectious disease

A

Tuberculosis

162
Q

How is TB spread

A

Droplet nuclei

163
Q

Spread of TB requires

A

Close frequent prolonged exposure

164
Q

Symptoms of pulmonary TB

A

Night sweats

165
Q

What test provides confirmation of positive TB test

A

Acid fast bacilli

166
Q

What is used in combination to treat TB

A

INH (kills actin), rifampin (kills slow growing), pyrazinamide, ethambutol (inhibits RNA)

167
Q

What should you emphasize with TB teaching

A

Need for follow up for liver testing

168
Q

Amphotericine

A

Very toxic

Used for pulmonary fungal infections

169
Q

What is he best test for fungal infections

A

Sputum

170
Q

Symptom of bronchiectasis

A

Chronic productive cough

Greater 20 mL purulent sputum (hemoptysis)

171
Q

Bacteria reaches lung, leads to necrosis of tissue

A

Lung abscess

172
Q

With a lung access your body try lies to

A

Wall off the infection

173
Q

Collection of excess fluid in pleural space

A

Pleural effusion

174
Q

Purulent pleural effusion containing pus

A

Empyema

175
Q

Inflammation of pleura

A

Pleurisy

176
Q

Hear a friction rub

Loudest on inhalation

A

Pleurisy

177
Q

Viral infectious disease of the respiratory system

Atypical inflammation of lungs caused by coronavirus

A

Severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS

178
Q

Prevention of SARS

A

Hand washing
Cleaning contaminated surfaces
Isolation
Tissue for cough or sneeze

179
Q

The pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to the volume of its container.

A

Boyle’s law

180
Q

Space between parietal & visceral pleura

A

Intrapleural space

20-25 mL fluid

181
Q

What is the function of the fluid between the lungs & chest wall

A

Lubrication

Cohesion

182
Q

Is intrapleural pressure positive or negative

A

Negative

183
Q

When would the intrapleural pressure become positive?

A

Tear in pleura (lung collapse)

184
Q

Inspiration & expiration as result of intrathoracic pressure changes
Gas flows from higher to lower pressure area

A

Ventilation

185
Q

Movement from area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration

A

Diffusion

186
Q

Low pitched hollow normal lung

A

Resonance

187
Q

Where are crackles most commonly heard

A

Bases of lower lungs

188
Q

What is the pulmonary function test used for?

A

Measures vital capacity

189
Q

Normal pH

A

7.35-7.45

190
Q

Normal HCO3

A

22-26

191
Q

Normal CO2

A

35-45

192
Q

How many lobes does the right and left lungs have

A

Right 3 lobes

Left 2 lobes

► Med Misc 49 (29 decks)

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