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PSY 4210 > Unit Test 1 > Flashcards

Unit Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

occur close in time to behavior

A

proximate causes

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2
Q

occur further back in time (5 sec-5000 years)

A

Ultimate causes

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3
Q

what are the two mechanisms for dealing with change?

A

Natural selection, learning

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4
Q

What are the two big ideas of natural selection approach?

A
  1. All species descended from a common ancestor.
  2. Natural selection.
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5
Q

What is the definition of natural selection

A

Small, random, inheritable differences among individuals that result in different chances of reproduction.

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6
Q

Three features/principles of natural selection

A
  1. Variation (genetic)
  2. Selection (environmental)
  3. Retention (genetic)
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7
Q

What are the three types of behaviors that came from natural selection?

A

reflexes, Modal action Patterns (MAP), General behavior traits (GBT)

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7
Q

Two processes involved in natural selection

A
  1. Anagenesis
  2. Speciation (the principle of divergence)
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8
Q

Examples of Natural Selection

A

Climate change
Changes in terrain
Predators
Pollution
Bacteria
Viruses
insecticides
Herbicides

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9
Q

Inherited behavioral relations from LEAST to MOST stereotyped

A

-Learning
-GBT
-MAP
-Reflexes

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10
Q

Inherited behavioral relations from MOST to LEAST
stereotyped

A

-Reflexes
-MAP
-GBT
-Learning

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11
Q

What is behavior?

A

anything an individual does that can be observed and measured or potentially observed.

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12
Q

What is a Stimulus/Stimuli?

A

any energy change that affects sensory receptors, and behavior

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13
Q

What is an environment?

A

all stimuli that affect behavior at any given moment.

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14
Q

Three implications of environment/stimuli

A
  1. The environment (exteroceptive stimuli) is both outside and inside (interoceptive stimuli) the body
  2. The environment is always changing
  3. The environment can never be the same for any two individuals.
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15
Q

Determinism

A

All behavior is caused
Behavior is lawful and orderly

16
Q

Definition of Learning

A

Relatively permanent changes in environment-behavior relations due to certain types of experiences (environmental interactions)

17
Q

Definition of Natural Science

A

Deals with physical Phenomena and understanding how thing in the physical world operate.

18
Q

The Law of Parsimony

A

Parsimonious descriptions and explanations makes the fewest assumptions.

19
Q

Errors

A

reducing errors

20
Q

Topography

A

A change in form or shape of a response

21
Q

Intensity

A

Changes in magnitude of responding

22
Q

Speed

A

a change in speed

23
Q

Latency

A

The time from when a stimulus is presented and when a response occurs.

24
Q

Rate of responding

A

Number of responses per unit of time

25
Q

Cumulative recorder

A

Device that records rate of responding cumulatively

26
Q

Proficiency

A

How accurate and fluent behavior is

27
Q

All measures of learning must

A

be reliable and valid

28
Q

Reliable

A

Must yield the same observation if recorded by different individuals

29
Q

Valid

A

Must measure what is intended to be measured

30
Q

“evolved modifiability” and “fixed plasticity” refer to

A

refer to the fact that we inherit the capacity to learn.

31
Q

Correlational studies

A

A measure of the relationship between two or more variables.

32
Q

What is the difference between proximate and ultimate causation

A

proximate happens right before behavior. Ultimate causes occur further back in time from the behavior.

33
Q

What does the phrase “If there is no change, no need to change” mean?

A

It means that if nothing in our environment changes then there is no need to change to accommodate it.

34
Q

a phrase regarding the environment

A

“It’s the environment stupid”!

35
Q

releaser

A

Any stimulus that reliably elicits a modal action pattern.

36
Q

The first two assumptions of the approach in Natural Science Approach above is that all natural phenomena (including behavior) are ____ and _____ precede their ____

A

Caused, Causes, Effects

37
Q

Responses can be measuredd as a change in the form the response takes, called ___, or the time that passes between when a stimulus occurs and the response occurs, called ___.

A

Topography, Latency

38
Q

In experimentation, changes in the ____ variable are measured as a function of systematic changes in the ___ variable.

A

Dependent, Independent

PSY 4210 (18 decks)

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