U1.C2

Question 1

This is the approach to studying natural phenomena that is based on certain assumptions, such as the idea that natural events, including human behavior, are caused by natural phenomena, not by mysterious forces such as willpower or the mind.

Answer 1

Natural Science Approach

Question 2

The four assumptions of a natural science approach.

Answer 2

1. All natural phenomena are caused
2. Cause precede their effects
3. The causes of natural events include only natural phenomena
4. The simplest explanation that fits the data is best

Question 3

the one that makes the fewest assumptions

Answer 3

Law of parsimony state

Question 4

an explanation in which the evidence for the explanation is the same as the behavior to be explained.

Answer 4

circular explanation

Question 5

The seven changes in behavior

Answer 5

1. Errors
2. Topography
3. Intensity
4. Speed
5. Latency
6. Rate
7. Fluency

Question 6

number or frequency of responses per unit time.

Answer 6

Response rate

Question 7

A graphic record of behavior, each point of which reflects the total number of times a behavior has been performed as of that time.

Answer 7

cumulative recorder

Question 8

first- or secondhand reports of personal experiences; casual observation. Has a high tendency to be wrong.

Answer 8

Anecdotal evidence

Question 9

Detailed study and description of a single case; examines a particular individual in considerable detail.

Answer 9

case study

Question 10

A study in which the researcher attempts to describe a group by obtaining data from its members. In behavioral research the data often consists of replies to surveys or questionnaires.

Answer 10

descriptive study

Question 11

A study in which the researcher measures the effects of one or more independent variables on one or more dependent variables.

Answer 11

experiment

Question 12

In an experiment, the variable that the researcher manipulates.

Answer 12

Independent variable

Question 13

The variable by which the outcome of an experiment is measured. It is not manipulated by the researcher.

Answer 13

Dependent variable

Question 14

An experimental design in which the independent variable is made to vary across two or more groups of subjects. (Subjects are now often called participants.) Also called between-treatment or group experiment.

Answer 14

between-subject designs

Question 15

A research design in which the independent variable is made to vary at different times for the same subject. Thus, each subject serves as both an experimental and control subject. Also called single-subject or single-case experiment.

Answer 15

within-subject designs

Question 16

What does ABA stand for?

Answer 16

A- baseline
B-experimental condition

Question 17

A type of within-subject experiment in which behavior is observed in the absence of the Independent Variable(IV), presence of the IV, and absence of the IV.

Answer 17

ABA (reversal) design

Question 18

control and artificiality points of an experiment

Answer 18

• isolate the effects of independent variables.
• let us see the impact of the independent variable
  -easier to interpret data