CH. 7a/b Flashcards
Learning includes
- changes in which no new behaviors occurs
- changes in the pattern of behavior
Most people use the term learning -
as acquisition of behavior
Schedule of reinforcement
a rule describing the contingency between behavior and reinforcement
Scheduled effect
distinctive patterns of behaviors (produced by different schedules)
Continuous Schedule (of reinforcement)
a behavior is reinforced every time it occurs (or every response produces a reinforcer)
Fixed ratio
reinforcement occurs a set (or fixed) number of responses
Interment schedule
reinforcement occurs for some responses but not others.
Four simple schedules of reinforcement
- Fixed ratio
2.Variable ratio - Fixed interval
- Variable interval
Variable Ratio
reinforcement occurs after an average number of responses
Fixed interval
reinforcement occurs after the first response after a set (or fixed) amount of time.
Variable interval
reinforcement occurs after the first response after an average amount of time.
Post - reinforcement pause
a pause after reinforcement
Run rate
the rate at which behavior occurs once has resumed following reinforcement
Extinction
reinforcement is withheld from a previously reinforced behavior (or a schedule which no responses are reinforced)
Extinction burst
a sudden increase in the response dimensions of a behavior when reinforcement is withheld.
Resurgence
the reappearance of previously reinforced behavior
Spontaneous recovery
the sudden reappearance of behavior following extinction and period of time
Other simple schedules
- Fixed time
2.Variable time - Fixed duration
- Variable duration
- Progressive ratio schedule
- Break point
Fixed time
reinforcement is delivered after a fixed amount of time regardless of what behavior occurs/
Variable time
reinforcement is delivered after an average amount of time regardless of behavior
Fixed duration
reinforcement is contingent on the continuous performance of a behavior for a fixed period of time.
Variable duration
reinforcement is contingent on the continuous performance of a behavior for an average period of time
Break point
the point which behavior stops on a progressive schedule
Progressive ratio schedule
the requirement for reinforcement increases in a predetermined way following each reinforcer
Ratio strain
the disruption of the pattern of responding due to stretching the ratio too abruptly
Stretching the ratio
the procedure of gradually increasing the number of responses required to reinforcement
Six types of complex schedules
- Multiple schedule
- Mixed schedule
- Chain schedule
- Tandem schedule
- Cooperative schedule
6.Concurrent schedule
Mixed schedule
two or more simple schedules alternate with neither associated with a particular stimulus
Tandem schedule
reinforcement is contingent on the completion of a last in a series of schedules none of which is associated with a particular stimulus
Multiple schedule
two or more simple schedules alternate each associated with a particular stimulus
Chain schedule
reinforcement is delivered contingent on the completion of the last in a series of schedules each associated with a different stimulus
Cooperative schedule
reinforcement is dependent on the behavior of two or more individuals
Concurrent schedule
two or more schedules are available simultaneously
Partial reinforcement effect
the tendency of behavior to be more resistant to extinction following intermittent reinforcement than continuous reinforcement
matching law
the principle that the rate of responding on two or more reinforcement schedules will match the rate of reinforcement on each schedule
Three features/principles of natural selection:
Variation (Genetic or behavioral)
Selection (Environmental)
Retention (genetic vs. neural)
environment
all stimuli that can affect behavior at any given moment
