Ch.11

Question 1

Generalization

Answer 1

the tendency for the effects of a learning experience to spread; sometimes called transfer

Question 2

Response generalization

Answer 2

the tendency for changes in one behavior to spread to other behaviors

Question 3

Stimulus generalization

Answer 3

the tendency for changes in behavior in one situation to spread to other situations; or the tendency to respond to stimuli not present during training

Question 4

Generalization gradient

Answer 4

when data on stimulus generalization are plotted on a graph (a peaked gradient reflects more discrimination [see below] and a flatter gradient reflects more generalization)

Question 5

Generalization may also occur

Answer 5

to behavior that is extinguished or punished.

Question 6

Generalization and discrimination are inversely related

Answer 6

the greater the one the less the other and vice versa

Question 7

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 7

the tendency for behavior to occur in certain situations but not in others.

Question 8

Discrimination training

Answer 8

procedures for establishing a discrimination

Question 9

Discriminative stimulus (SD or S+)

Answer 9

the stimulus that indicates that a behavior will have reinforcing consequences

Question 10

S-delta ( S∆ or S-)

Answer 10

indicates that the behavior will not have reinforcing consequences

Question 11

Three operant discrimination training procedures:

Answer 11

1. Successive discrimination training
2. Simultaneous discrimination training
3. Matching-to-sample

Question 12

Successive discrimination training

Answer 12

S+ and S- are presented sequentially

Question 13

Simultaneous discrimination training

Answer 13

S+ and S- are presented at the same time

Question 14

Matching-to-sample

Answer 14

conditional discrimination in which a selecting a comparison stimulus (S+) which matches the sample stimulus is reinforced.

Question 15

Errorless discrimination training

Answer 15

A form of operant discrimination training in which the S∆ is introduced in very weak form and gradually strengthened (i.e., early, weakly, and briefly).

Question 16

Differential outcome effect

Answer 16

discrimination training proceeds more rapidly when different behaviors produce different reinforcers.

Question 17

Stimulus control

Answer 17

The tendency for a behavior to occur (or occur more) in the presence of an SD but not in the presence of an SΔ.

Question 18

Concept

Answer 18

Any class of stimuli in which the members share one or more defining features.

Question 19

Three theories of generalization (and discrimination):

Answer 19

Pavlov’s –
Spence’s –
Lashley-Wade –

Question 20

Peak shift

Answer 20

The tendency following discrimination training for the peak of responding in a generalization gradient to shift away from the (CS−) S-.

Question 21

Peak shift

Answer 21

The tendency following discrimination training for the peak of responding in a generalization gradient to shift away from the (CS−) S-.

Question 22

Pavlov’s theory

Answer 22

Proposed that conditioning results in neurological change, wherein the CS presentation results in the brain center associated with conditioning being excited. The more similar the stimulus to the trained CS, the more excitation.

Question 23

Lashley-wade theory

Answer 23

•Generalization gradients depend on prior experience with stimuli tested in generalization.

Question 24

Spence’s theory

Answer 24

Discrimination training produces excitatory gradients around the S+ (or CS+) and inhibitory gradients around the S delta (or CS-)