U2.CH1

Question 1

unconditional reflex

Answer 1

largely inborn and usually permanent reflex found in virtually all members of a species and that varies little from individual to individual.

Question 2

conditional reflex

Answer 2

type of reflex is not present at birth; it must be acquired through experience

Question 3

unconditional stimulus

Answer 3

A stimulus that elicits an unconditional response.

Question 4

conditional stimulus

Answer 4

the stimulus that is regularly paired with a US.

Question 5

unconditional response

Answer 5

The reflex response elicited by an unconditional stimulus.

Question 6

conditional response

Answer 6

the response elicited by a conditional stimulus.

Question 7

Two defining features of classical conditioning

Answer 7

the behavior elicited by the US is a reflex response; the appearance of the two stimuli is independent of behavior.

Question 8

higher-order conditioning

Answer 8

The procedure of pairing a neutral stimulus with a well-established CS

Question 9

Trace pairing

Answer 9

the CS begins and ends before the US appears

Question 10

Four different ways of pairing a CS and a US

Answer 10

Trace pairing
Delayed pairing
Simultaneous pairing.
Backward pairing

Question 11

Delayed pairing

Answer 11

the CS and US overlap

Question 12

Simultaneous pairing

Answer 12

the CS and US coincide exactly

Question 13

Backward pairing

Answer 13

the CS follows the US.

Question 14

Contingency

Answer 14

an if–then statement. One event, X, is contingent on another event, Y, to the extent that X occurs if and only if Y occurs

Question 15

Contiguity

Answer 15

to the closeness in time or space between two events; the CS and US

Question 16

Compound stimulus

Answer 16

A CS that consists of two or more stimuli (e.g., a red light and presented simultaneously.

Question 17

Overshadowing

Answer 17

Failure of a stimulus that is part of a compound stimulus to become a CS.

Question 18

Latent inhibition

Answer 18

the appearance of a (neutral) stimulus without the US interferes with the ability of that stimulus to become a CS later

Question 19

Blocking

Answer 19

Failure of a stimulus to become a CS when it is part of a compound stimulus that includes an effective CS.

Question 20

Sensory preconditioning

Answer 20

A procedure in which two neutral stimuli are paired, after which one is repeatedly paired with a US.

Question 21

Pavlovian (classical) extinction

Answer 21

The procedure of repeatedly presenting the CS alone

Question 22

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 22

The reappearance of a CR after extinction

Question 23

Stimulus substation theory

Answer 23

The CS merely substitutes for the US in evoking the reflex response.

Question 24

Preparatory response theory

Answer 24

the CR prepares the organism for the US

Question 25

Compensatory response theory

Answer 25

that the CR prepares the organism for the US by compensating for its effects.

Question 26

interstimulus interval (ISI)

Answer 26

In Pavlovian conditioning, contiguity usually refers to the interval between the CS and US.

Question 27

what reflex response occurs before conditioning?

Answer 27

This is the UR.

Question 28

what stimulus elicits the Ur before conditioning?

Answer 28

This is the US

Question 29

what reflex response occurs as a result of conditioning

Answer 29

This is the CR.

Question 30

what stimulus elicits the Cr?

Answer 30

This is the CS.

Question 31

Rescorla-Wagner model

Answer 31

whether a particular stimulus becomes a CS depends on the salience of the stimulus and the US and on the total amount of conditioning that can occur.

Question 32

The definition of learning I gave in class was relatively permanent

Answer 32

“Relatively permanent changes in environment-behavior relations due to certain types of experiences (environmental interactions)”