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biology 20 > unit c - respiratory system > Flashcards

unit c - respiratory system Flashcards

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1
Q

nasal cavity (passage)

A

space inside your nose

-warms, moistions and cleans air

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2
Q

inhaling

A

to breathe in

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3
Q

exhaling

A

to breathe out

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4
Q

point of the respiratory system

A

to move two gasses, oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of our bodies

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5
Q

external respiration

A

exchanges of gasses from air to lungs to blood

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6
Q

internal respiration

A

exchange of gasses between blood and cells

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7
Q

cellular respiration

A

exchanges of gasses within the cells (mitochondria)

-produces the energy that fuels all the cells

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8
Q

two major requirements for respiration

A
  • moisture (gasses need to dissolve)

- large surface area (due to amount of gasses coming out of our lungs)

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9
Q

importance of breathing through your nose

A

lungs want to stay clean, the nose filters out debris through cilia and mucous

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10
Q

cilia

A

sweeps

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11
Q

mucous

A

traps

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12
Q

pharynx

A

joining nasal cavity and mouth, in the back of the throat

-carries down the esophagus

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13
Q

epiglottis

A

a flap that seperates the breathing tube from the digesting tube
-stops us from inhaling food and swallowing air

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14
Q

trachea

A

airway leading from the epiglottis and larynx, where the pharynx turns into esophagus or trachea
-path for oxygen to enter and exit the body
-ringed with cartaledge (structure)
cilia and mucous

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15
Q

larynx

A

widened portion of the trachea containing the vocal cords
-opens and closes depending on breathing and speaking
open : breathing
smaller kinda closed : breathing and speaking

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16
Q

two branches of trachea

A

bronchi

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17
Q

bronchi (bronchis singular)

A

containing cartilage, cilia and mucous

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18
Q

bronchioles

A

after the bronchi, isn’t made of cartiledge but contain cilia and mucous
-smooth muscle wrapped around to squeeze shut (asthma)

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19
Q

alveoli

A

after bronchioles

  • tiny sacs that have a network of carpilaries wrapped around, to enter bloodstream easily
  • great surface area
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20
Q

increase of volume

A

lower pressure

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21
Q

air moves from areas of

A

high pressure to low pressure

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22
Q

decrease of pressure

A

increase of volume

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23
Q

decrease volume

A

increase pressure

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24
Q

primary muscle of respiration

A

diaphragm

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25
Q

diaphragm

A

lower ribs, stretched across, dome shaped

  • a muscle that expands and contracts (up and down) slowly around the ribs
  • three holes for important tubes to run up and down
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26
Q

lungs

A

-not identical (left lung has only two lobes, due to hearts positon)

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27
Q

superior

A

above

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28
Q

inferior

A

below

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29
Q

difference between lungs

A

right side has three lobes (inferior, superior and middle)

left side only the two

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30
Q

three holes that need to run through diapgram

A

aeorta
esophagus
venocane

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31
Q

pleural membrane

A

extremly thin membranes that attach your lungs to the inside of your ribs

  • two layers thick
  • one physically attached to your lungs, then fluid, then outer membrane physically attached to the inside of your ribs
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32
Q

importance of pleural membrane

A

lowers friction, to allow movement when lungs and ribs expand and contract

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33
Q

intercostal muscles

A

rib muslces between the rib bones

  • layers for fluid movements
  • help to contract or expand the lungs
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34
Q

what causes air to be drawn into the lungs

A
  • Diaphragm lowers, drawing the lungs down and causing them to expand. This movement draws in air as volume increases and pressure decreases
  • Diaphragm expands upwards, pushing the lungs to contract. This movement pushes out air as volume decreases and pressure increases.
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35
Q

inspiration

A

inhalation

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36
Q

experation

A

exhalation

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37
Q

lower in pressure causes air

A

to be drawn in

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38
Q

higher pressure causes air

A

to be drawn out

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39
Q

what does the diaphragm do for our body

A

increases or decreases the voume of the lungs to allow pressure changes

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40
Q

major players of drawing in and out air

A

diaphragm, pleural membrane, intercostal muscles

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41
Q

when muscles contract

A

they shorten

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42
Q

part of brain that controls breathing

A

brain stem -medulla oblongata

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43
Q

medulla oblongata

A

contains chemo receptors, that use the chemicals in the blood to determine how fast or slow you should be breathing

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44
Q

negative feedback loop

A

a way your body maintains homeostasis

variable, receptor, control center, effector

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45
Q

variable (negative feedback)

A

factor in the body that can be modified by effector

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46
Q

receptor (negative feedback)

A

takes in sensory information

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47
Q

control center (negative feedback)

A

determines set and points and regulates the bodys response

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48
Q

effector (negative feedback)

A

carries out the body’s response

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49
Q

negative feeback breathing rate (build up of carbon dioxide)

A

carbon dioxide and blood pH

  • normal CO2 and blood pH
  • build up of CO2, and low blood pH
  • low pH detected by chemo receptors
  • stimulation to increase depth of breathing by medulla oblongada (sends signal to diaphragm)
  • increased rate of removal of CO2, increases acidity in blood pH
  • repeat
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50
Q

reasons for build up of CO2

A
  • excersising

- holding your breath

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51
Q

cellular respiration formula

A

C6H12O6 + O2 —> CO2 + H2O

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52
Q

chemo receptors

A

recognize blood pH is dropping, as blood is carried by the medulla oblongada and stimulates it to increase breathing

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53
Q

oxygen (chemo) receptors

A

located in the aorta and carotid artery (near neck pulse)

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54
Q

reasons for oxygen levels to drop

A

-climbing up mount everest (high elevation)

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55
Q

carotid artery

A

oxygen chemo receptor

-artery that feeds the brain, directly would know if the brain isn’t getting enough oxygen

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56
Q

aorta artery

A

major vessel branching directly off the heart and also an oxygen receptor

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57
Q

stronger chemo receptor

A

carbon dioxide receptors

-determine rate of breathing much more

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58
Q

acidic blood is from

A

cells working harder, due to working out or holding your breath
-needs increase of breathing

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59
Q

ways to measure lung function

A
  • excercise training
  • diffusing capacity test
  • breath force tests
  • lung capacity
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60
Q

spirograph

A

shows the amount of air inhaled and exhaled

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61
Q

tidal volume

A

normal inhalation and exhalation volumes

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62
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

additional volume that can be inhaled

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63
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

additional volume that can exhaled out

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64
Q

vital capacity

A

total volume that can be inhaled or exhaled

65
Q

residual capacity

A

volume that remains in the lungs (so alveoli doesn’t colapse)

66
Q

respiration is a combination of what two processes

A

external respiration

internal respiriation

67
Q

two gases being transported abd exchanged

A

-oxygen and carbon dioxide

68
Q

how much oxygen do we breath in and out

A

21% of air we breath in

14% of air we breath out (good for CPR)

69
Q

how much CO2 do we breath in and out

A

0.04% of air we breath in

5% of air we breath out

70
Q

basic purpose of cellular respiration

A

energy

71
Q

why is nitrogen not mentioned in the respiration cycle

A

it doesn’t do anything for our body

  • inert
  • for example, cellular respiration formula doesn’t contain nitrogen
72
Q

why is it so bad to have CO2 in our blood

A

creates acidity in the blood

healthy blood is 7.35-7.45

73
Q

make up of blood

A

55% of plasma
45% red blood cells
1% of white blood cells (immune system)red

74
Q

red blood cells are used

A

to carry oxygen

75
Q

red blood cells (five facts)

A
  • numerous
  • made in bone marrow
  • no nucleus
  • double concave shape
  • live 120 days
76
Q

alveoli sack size and importance

A

one cell thick so that red blood cells can easily pick up the oxygen

77
Q

high concentration

A

high pressure

78
Q

low concentration (pressure)

A

low pressure

79
Q

diffusion

A

moving from high concentration to low concentration

80
Q

concentration gradient

A

moving from high concentration to low concentration

81
Q

hemoglobin

A

four polypeptide bond (quatinary protein fold)

  • found on red blood cells
  • help to carry oxygen
  • also can carry CO2, by chains
82
Q

heme groups

A

four heme groups, that contains iron which attracts oxygen

-when first oxygen bonds, the shape changes so that the rest of the oxygen can easily attach as well

83
Q

anemia

A

directyl related to the hemoglobin having not enough iron, makes you feel fatigued as they cannot properly attract tons of oxygen

84
Q

deoxyhemoglobin

A

previously carrying hemoglobin, but is empty (let go)

-HHb

85
Q

oxyhemoglobin

A

oxygen carring hemoglobin

-O2Hb

86
Q

carbaminohemoglobin

A

carbon dioxide carrying hemoglobin

-CO2Hb

87
Q

Hb stands for

A

hemoglobin

88
Q

more hydrogen means pH is more

A

acidic (lower)

89
Q

hemgroup

A

where the oxygen molecules bind to the hemoglobin

-made of iron to attract the oxygen

90
Q

most common ‘thing’ to happen to CO2 (70%)

A

CO2 reacts with H2O to produce H2CO3
-carbonic acid (not very stable)
which breaks down into HCO3 (bicarbonate ion) and H+
LOCKED INTO BICARBONATE IONS

91
Q

why does the diffusion of CO2 need to be quick

A

maintain high concentration to low

-the fastest enzyme in the human body is present

92
Q

carbonic-anydraso

A

the fastest enzyme in the human body

  • moves CO2 to maintain concentration gradient
  • keeps us alive (without acidicty would build up)
93
Q

process of removing CO2 from tissues to lungs

A

bicarbonate transforms back into carbonic acid, that turns back to original state of CO2 and H2O

94
Q

buffer

A

controls the pH

  • “sponge”
  • bicarbonate and oxyhemoglobin
95
Q

two buffers in the body

A

bicarbonate and oxyhemoglobin

96
Q

7% percent of CO2 travels

A

into the bloodstream unchanged, eventually making its way to the lungs diffusing out

97
Q

23% percent of CO2 travels

A

by hopping onto hemogloben (carbaminohemoglobin) and when it gets close to the lungs diffuses out

98
Q

70% percent of CO2 travels

A

by joining with water to form carbonic acid, that is not stable so it transforms into bicarbonate into the bloodstream. Then once at the lungs, this reaction reverses to diffuse out of the body
-reaction needs the enzyme carbonic-anydraso

99
Q

what oxygen does hemoglobin perfer

A

oxygen around the lungs

-due to cool, less acidic and higher oxygen content

100
Q

what carbon dioxide does hemoglobin perfer

A

carbon dioxide around the muscles

-due to warm, more acidic and higher carbon dioxide content

101
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

condtion where the lungs cannot remove all of the carbon dioxide

  • blood becomes acidic
  • fatigue
  • hyperventalation
102
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

due to hyperventalation

-

103
Q

three basic muscles types

A

smooth
skeletel
cardiac

104
Q

smooth muscle

A

muscle found in digestive system and blood vessles, a contracting muscle

  • very smooth, no striations
  • involuntary
  • one nucleus
105
Q

skeletal muscle

A

most common muscle

  • very linear, organized
  • striations
  • many nucleus, voluntary (control)
106
Q

cardiac muscle

A

muscle that makes up your heart

  • striations
  • branches off, to give the heart its ability to contract
  • one nucleus, involuntary
107
Q

muscles are attached to bone

A

VIA tendons

108
Q

ligament

A

attachs bone to bone

109
Q

tendons

A

attach muscle to bone

110
Q

contraction

A

shortening

  • muscles only move bones by pulling or contractions
  • bringing the Z lines closer together
111
Q

muscles come in

A

PAIRS

-to move from contracted to relaxed

112
Q

antagonist muscle

A

relaxed muscle

113
Q

flexion

A

decreasing the angle of a joint

114
Q

extention

A

increasing the angle of a join

115
Q

agonist muscle

A

contracted muscle

116
Q

what makes up a muscle

A

muscle bundle fiber

117
Q

what makes up a muscle bundle fiber

A

muscle fiber

118
Q

what makes up a muscle fiber

A

myofibrils

119
Q

what makes up myofibrils

A

myofilaments

120
Q

sarcolemma

A

encasement around the muscle fibers

121
Q

skeletal muscle hierarchy

A 
bone
tendon
skeletal muscle
muscle fiber bundle
muscle fiber
myofilbrils
myofilaments
actin/myosin
122
Q

sarcomere

A

contraction unit

-measured from Z line to Zline

123
Q

myosin

A

the thicker of the myofiliments

124
Q

actin

A

the thinner strips of the myofiliments

125
Q

Z line closer together

A

myosin and actin slide closer together

-muscle contraction

126
Q

Z line more apart

A

myosin and actin pull away from eachother

-muscle relaxtion

127
Q

steps of muscle contraction

A

Step 1: brain sends a signal to muslce ot move (not conscious)
Step 2: calcium is released around the muscle fiber, which displaces the tropin
step 3 : binding sites are exposed and avaliable to attach to the myosin heads
Step 4: binding takes place between actin binding sites and myosin heads
Step 5: the myosins pull the actin in, causing the muscle to contract
Step 6: ATP triggers the release of the myosin heads to reset for the next round of contraction

128
Q

sliding filament theory

A

muscles cause movement by shortening

129
Q

troponin

A

found on the actin fiber, acts as a guard to the site needed to contract
-troponin needs calcium to move and contract

130
Q

binding sites of the muscle

A

gaurded by the troponin, where the actin binds to the myosin

131
Q

tropomyosin

A

long binding site on the actin

132
Q

rigor mortis

A

state of sitffness after death, due to lack of atp

-since no myosin heads can be release

133
Q

muscular dystrophy

A

hereditary disease, where muscle tissues turn into fat tissues

134
Q

emphysema

A

walls of alveoli are damaged, and feels like you can’t exhale fully
-due to smoaking

135
Q

asthma

A

condtion induced by excersize, allergies or sickness that affects your bronchioles. The bronchioles close up and it makes it difficult to breathe

136
Q

bronchitis

A

narrowing and inflammation of bronchi, mucus build up

137
Q

pleurisy

A

inflammation of pleural membranes due to bacteria or viruses

  • painful
  • hard to breathe
138
Q

blood doping

A

a way of manipluating the amount of red blood cells in the body
-benefitical to runners so they can be breahting more

139
Q

pneumonia

A

lung infection, due to bacteria and viruses, where alveoli fill up with fluid

  • difficulty breathing
  • extremely contagious
140
Q

how to ‘beat’ a virus

A

you can’t, viruses have to be fought by ourselves, this is why it is dangerous to have a virus and gain another
-fataly from viruses come from other viruses stacking

141
Q

influenza

A

affects a variety of the body, leaves body suseptible to other disease

142
Q

carbon monoxide poisioning

A

hemogloben are more attracted to monoxide more than oxygen and carbon dioxide, and won’t release it
-fills up hemogloben, and stops ability to transport oxygen

143
Q

laryngitis

A

inflammation in larynx, vocal cords

  • due to colds or flu or yelling
  • difficulty to speak
144
Q

pneumothorax

A

collapsed lung

-air in the cavity between the chest wall

145
Q

the thick filament that forms cross bridges in muscle contraction

A

myosin

146
Q

why do gases diffuse from one area to the next

A

partial pressure

147
Q

most powerful stimulis for breathing

A

carbon dioxide chemo receptors

148
Q

constantly moving hair like structures that beat out unwanted material from respiratory system

A

cilia

149
Q

the name given to skeletal muscles that work in pairs

A

antagonistic muslces

150
Q

where are oxygen chemo receptors

A

carotid and aortic muscles

151
Q

the site of gas exchange

A

alveoli

152
Q

bonds much more quickly with hemoglobin than oxygen does

A

monoxide

153
Q

gas needed for cellular respiration to occur

A

oxygen

154
Q

if this surface becomes detached from the ribs or lungs a collapsed lung my occur

A

plural membrane

155
Q

from one z line to antoher z line

A

sarcomere

156
Q

detectors of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood

A

chemo receptors

157
Q

this type of muscle can contract for very long periods of time without getting tired

A

smooth muscles

158
Q

also known as the back of the throat

A

pharynx

biology 20 (10 decks)

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