unit c - respiratory system Flashcards
nasal cavity (passage)
space inside your nose
-warms, moistions and cleans air
inhaling
to breathe in
exhaling
to breathe out
point of the respiratory system
to move two gasses, oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of our bodies
external respiration
exchanges of gasses from air to lungs to blood
internal respiration
exchange of gasses between blood and cells
cellular respiration
exchanges of gasses within the cells (mitochondria)
-produces the energy that fuels all the cells
two major requirements for respiration
- moisture (gasses need to dissolve)
- large surface area (due to amount of gasses coming out of our lungs)
importance of breathing through your nose
lungs want to stay clean, the nose filters out debris through cilia and mucous
cilia
sweeps
mucous
traps
pharynx
joining nasal cavity and mouth, in the back of the throat
-carries down the esophagus
epiglottis
a flap that seperates the breathing tube from the digesting tube
-stops us from inhaling food and swallowing air
trachea
airway leading from the epiglottis and larynx, where the pharynx turns into esophagus or trachea
-path for oxygen to enter and exit the body
-ringed with cartaledge (structure)
cilia and mucous
larynx
widened portion of the trachea containing the vocal cords
-opens and closes depending on breathing and speaking
open : breathing
smaller kinda closed : breathing and speaking
two branches of trachea
bronchi
bronchi (bronchis singular)
containing cartilage, cilia and mucous
bronchioles
after the bronchi, isn’t made of cartiledge but contain cilia and mucous
-smooth muscle wrapped around to squeeze shut (asthma)
alveoli
after bronchioles
- tiny sacs that have a network of carpilaries wrapped around, to enter bloodstream easily
- great surface area
increase of volume
lower pressure
air moves from areas of
high pressure to low pressure
decrease of pressure
increase of volume
decrease volume
increase pressure
primary muscle of respiration
diaphragm
diaphragm
lower ribs, stretched across, dome shaped
- a muscle that expands and contracts (up and down) slowly around the ribs
- three holes for important tubes to run up and down
lungs
-not identical (left lung has only two lobes, due to hearts positon)
superior
above
inferior
below
difference between lungs
right side has three lobes (inferior, superior and middle)
left side only the two
three holes that need to run through diapgram
aeorta
esophagus
venocane
pleural membrane
extremly thin membranes that attach your lungs to the inside of your ribs
- two layers thick
- one physically attached to your lungs, then fluid, then outer membrane physically attached to the inside of your ribs
importance of pleural membrane
lowers friction, to allow movement when lungs and ribs expand and contract
intercostal muscles
rib muslces between the rib bones
- layers for fluid movements
- help to contract or expand the lungs
what causes air to be drawn into the lungs
- Diaphragm lowers, drawing the lungs down and causing them to expand. This movement draws in air as volume increases and pressure decreases
- Diaphragm expands upwards, pushing the lungs to contract. This movement pushes out air as volume decreases and pressure increases.
inspiration
inhalation
experation
exhalation
lower in pressure causes air
to be drawn in
higher pressure causes air
to be drawn out
what does the diaphragm do for our body
increases or decreases the voume of the lungs to allow pressure changes
major players of drawing in and out air
diaphragm, pleural membrane, intercostal muscles
when muscles contract
they shorten
part of brain that controls breathing
brain stem -medulla oblongata
medulla oblongata
contains chemo receptors, that use the chemicals in the blood to determine how fast or slow you should be breathing
negative feedback loop
a way your body maintains homeostasis
variable, receptor, control center, effector
variable (negative feedback)
factor in the body that can be modified by effector
receptor (negative feedback)
takes in sensory information
control center (negative feedback)
determines set and points and regulates the bodys response
effector (negative feedback)
carries out the body’s response
negative feeback breathing rate (build up of carbon dioxide)
carbon dioxide and blood pH
- normal CO2 and blood pH
- build up of CO2, and low blood pH
- low pH detected by chemo receptors
- stimulation to increase depth of breathing by medulla oblongada (sends signal to diaphragm)
- increased rate of removal of CO2, increases acidity in blood pH
- repeat
reasons for build up of CO2
- excersising
- holding your breath
cellular respiration formula
C6H12O6 + O2 —> CO2 + H2O
chemo receptors
recognize blood pH is dropping, as blood is carried by the medulla oblongada and stimulates it to increase breathing
oxygen (chemo) receptors
located in the aorta and carotid artery (near neck pulse)
reasons for oxygen levels to drop
-climbing up mount everest (high elevation)
carotid artery
oxygen chemo receptor
-artery that feeds the brain, directly would know if the brain isn’t getting enough oxygen
aorta artery
major vessel branching directly off the heart and also an oxygen receptor
stronger chemo receptor
carbon dioxide receptors
-determine rate of breathing much more
acidic blood is from
cells working harder, due to working out or holding your breath
-needs increase of breathing
ways to measure lung function
- excercise training
- diffusing capacity test
- breath force tests
- lung capacity
spirograph
shows the amount of air inhaled and exhaled
tidal volume
normal inhalation and exhalation volumes
inspiratory reserve volume
additional volume that can be inhaled
expiratory reserve volume
additional volume that can exhaled out
vital capacity
total volume that can be inhaled or exhaled
residual capacity
volume that remains in the lungs (so alveoli doesn’t colapse)
respiration is a combination of what two processes
external respiration
internal respiriation
two gases being transported abd exchanged
-oxygen and carbon dioxide
how much oxygen do we breath in and out
21% of air we breath in
14% of air we breath out (good for CPR)
how much CO2 do we breath in and out
0.04% of air we breath in
5% of air we breath out
basic purpose of cellular respiration
energy
why is nitrogen not mentioned in the respiration cycle
it doesn’t do anything for our body
- inert
- for example, cellular respiration formula doesn’t contain nitrogen
why is it so bad to have CO2 in our blood
creates acidity in the blood
healthy blood is 7.35-7.45
make up of blood
55% of plasma
45% red blood cells
1% of white blood cells (immune system)red
red blood cells are used
to carry oxygen
red blood cells (five facts)
- numerous
- made in bone marrow
- no nucleus
- double concave shape
- live 120 days
alveoli sack size and importance
one cell thick so that red blood cells can easily pick up the oxygen
high concentration
high pressure
low concentration (pressure)
low pressure
diffusion
moving from high concentration to low concentration
concentration gradient
moving from high concentration to low concentration
hemoglobin
four polypeptide bond (quatinary protein fold)
- found on red blood cells
- help to carry oxygen
- also can carry CO2, by chains
heme groups
four heme groups, that contains iron which attracts oxygen
-when first oxygen bonds, the shape changes so that the rest of the oxygen can easily attach as well
anemia
directyl related to the hemoglobin having not enough iron, makes you feel fatigued as they cannot properly attract tons of oxygen
deoxyhemoglobin
previously carrying hemoglobin, but is empty (let go)
-HHb
oxyhemoglobin
oxygen carring hemoglobin
-O2Hb
carbaminohemoglobin
carbon dioxide carrying hemoglobin
-CO2Hb
Hb stands for
hemoglobin
more hydrogen means pH is more
acidic (lower)
hemgroup
where the oxygen molecules bind to the hemoglobin
-made of iron to attract the oxygen
most common ‘thing’ to happen to CO2 (70%)
CO2 reacts with H2O to produce H2CO3
-carbonic acid (not very stable)
which breaks down into HCO3 (bicarbonate ion) and H+
LOCKED INTO BICARBONATE IONS
why does the diffusion of CO2 need to be quick
maintain high concentration to low
-the fastest enzyme in the human body is present
carbonic-anydraso
the fastest enzyme in the human body
- moves CO2 to maintain concentration gradient
- keeps us alive (without acidicty would build up)
process of removing CO2 from tissues to lungs
bicarbonate transforms back into carbonic acid, that turns back to original state of CO2 and H2O
buffer
controls the pH
- “sponge”
- bicarbonate and oxyhemoglobin
two buffers in the body
bicarbonate and oxyhemoglobin
7% percent of CO2 travels
into the bloodstream unchanged, eventually making its way to the lungs diffusing out
23% percent of CO2 travels
by hopping onto hemogloben (carbaminohemoglobin) and when it gets close to the lungs diffuses out
70% percent of CO2 travels
by joining with water to form carbonic acid, that is not stable so it transforms into bicarbonate into the bloodstream. Then once at the lungs, this reaction reverses to diffuse out of the body
-reaction needs the enzyme carbonic-anydraso
what oxygen does hemoglobin perfer
oxygen around the lungs
-due to cool, less acidic and higher oxygen content
what carbon dioxide does hemoglobin perfer
carbon dioxide around the muscles
-due to warm, more acidic and higher carbon dioxide content
respiratory acidosis
condtion where the lungs cannot remove all of the carbon dioxide
- blood becomes acidic
- fatigue
- hyperventalation
respiratory alkalosis
due to hyperventalation
-
three basic muscles types
smooth
skeletel
cardiac
smooth muscle
muscle found in digestive system and blood vessles, a contracting muscle
- very smooth, no striations
- involuntary
- one nucleus
skeletal muscle
most common muscle
- very linear, organized
- striations
- many nucleus, voluntary (control)
cardiac muscle
muscle that makes up your heart
- striations
- branches off, to give the heart its ability to contract
- one nucleus, involuntary
muscles are attached to bone
VIA tendons
ligament
attachs bone to bone
tendons
attach muscle to bone
contraction
shortening
- muscles only move bones by pulling or contractions
- bringing the Z lines closer together
muscles come in
PAIRS
-to move from contracted to relaxed
antagonist muscle
relaxed muscle
flexion
decreasing the angle of a joint
extention
increasing the angle of a join
agonist muscle
contracted muscle
what makes up a muscle
muscle bundle fiber
what makes up a muscle bundle fiber
muscle fiber
what makes up a muscle fiber
myofibrils
what makes up myofibrils
myofilaments
sarcolemma
encasement around the muscle fibers
skeletal muscle hierarchy
bone tendon skeletal muscle muscle fiber bundle muscle fiber myofilbrils myofilaments actin/myosin
sarcomere
contraction unit
-measured from Z line to Zline
myosin
the thicker of the myofiliments
actin
the thinner strips of the myofiliments
Z line closer together
myosin and actin slide closer together
-muscle contraction
Z line more apart
myosin and actin pull away from eachother
-muscle relaxtion
steps of muscle contraction
Step 1: brain sends a signal to muslce ot move (not conscious)
Step 2: calcium is released around the muscle fiber, which displaces the tropin
step 3 : binding sites are exposed and avaliable to attach to the myosin heads
Step 4: binding takes place between actin binding sites and myosin heads
Step 5: the myosins pull the actin in, causing the muscle to contract
Step 6: ATP triggers the release of the myosin heads to reset for the next round of contraction
sliding filament theory
muscles cause movement by shortening
troponin
found on the actin fiber, acts as a guard to the site needed to contract
-troponin needs calcium to move and contract
binding sites of the muscle
gaurded by the troponin, where the actin binds to the myosin
tropomyosin
long binding site on the actin
rigor mortis
state of sitffness after death, due to lack of atp
-since no myosin heads can be release
muscular dystrophy
hereditary disease, where muscle tissues turn into fat tissues
emphysema
walls of alveoli are damaged, and feels like you can’t exhale fully
-due to smoaking
asthma
condtion induced by excersize, allergies or sickness that affects your bronchioles. The bronchioles close up and it makes it difficult to breathe
bronchitis
narrowing and inflammation of bronchi, mucus build up
pleurisy
inflammation of pleural membranes due to bacteria or viruses
- painful
- hard to breathe
blood doping
a way of manipluating the amount of red blood cells in the body
-benefitical to runners so they can be breahting more
pneumonia
lung infection, due to bacteria and viruses, where alveoli fill up with fluid
- difficulty breathing
- extremely contagious
how to ‘beat’ a virus
you can’t, viruses have to be fought by ourselves, this is why it is dangerous to have a virus and gain another
-fataly from viruses come from other viruses stacking
influenza
affects a variety of the body, leaves body suseptible to other disease
carbon monoxide poisioning
hemogloben are more attracted to monoxide more than oxygen and carbon dioxide, and won’t release it
-fills up hemogloben, and stops ability to transport oxygen
laryngitis
inflammation in larynx, vocal cords
- due to colds or flu or yelling
- difficulty to speak
pneumothorax
collapsed lung
-air in the cavity between the chest wall
the thick filament that forms cross bridges in muscle contraction
myosin
why do gases diffuse from one area to the next
partial pressure
most powerful stimulis for breathing
carbon dioxide chemo receptors
constantly moving hair like structures that beat out unwanted material from respiratory system
cilia
the name given to skeletal muscles that work in pairs
antagonistic muslces
where are oxygen chemo receptors
carotid and aortic muscles
the site of gas exchange
alveoli
bonds much more quickly with hemoglobin than oxygen does
monoxide
gas needed for cellular respiration to occur
oxygen
if this surface becomes detached from the ribs or lungs a collapsed lung my occur
plural membrane
from one z line to antoher z line
sarcomere
detectors of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood
chemo receptors
this type of muscle can contract for very long periods of time without getting tired
smooth muscles
also known as the back of the throat
pharynx
