unit c Flashcards
atom
the building blocks of matter
molecules
two or more atoms joined toghether
organelles
parts of a cell, structures that are very valuable
cells
unit of life
tissue
the same kind of cells, working together as a unit
organs
self contained part of an organisms, that has a very vital function
systems
a group of organs that work together to perform certain functions
organisms
individual animal or single celled life form
metabolism
process of breaking down chemical bonds
-chemical reactions in cells
catabolic reaction
large chemicals broken into smaller ones
-energy is released
anabolic reaction
complex chemicals are built from smaller ones
-energy is required
pH is determined by
hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions in a substance
buffers
keep things stable, substances that react with acids or bases
inorganic molecule
doesn’t have a carbon-oxygen bond
-vitamins, water
organic molecule
contains a carbon-hydrogen bond
-proteins, fats
chemicals of life
nucliec acids, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids
monomers
building blocks of polymers
polymer
one large molecule > in a long chain
dehydration synthesis
when 2 molecules come together water is released
-anabolic reaction
two sugars forming
takes energy
seperating two sugars
releases energy
hydrolosis
polymers broken down into monomers
-water molecule breaks apart the bond between subunits
carbohydrates
main energy source, what doesn’t get burned is stored as fat
monosaccharides
simple sugar molecule
-glucose, fructose, galactose
disaccharides
put together by dehydration synthesis (broken down by hydrolysis)
-sucrose, lactose, maltose
polysaccharides
many monosaccharides put together
startch
plant storage
-energy from the sun
cellulose
plant structure
-fibre cannot digest
glycogen
animal storage of excess glucose
-liver
isomer
each of two or more compounds with the same formula
biomolecule
carbohydrates, lipids, protein and nucleic acids
lipid
fat
-isolates and is long term energy > fatty acid and glycerol
protein
made up of amino acids
-good for muscle, immune system and enzymes
nucleic acid
made up of nucelotide
-for our genetic structure
state the CHONP of each biomolecule
carb - CHO
lipid - CHO
protein - CHON
nucleic - CHONP
protein synethsis
process of creating proteins
chaperonins
perceived to assist proteins in folding
denaturing of a protein
deisrupts it’s shape, allowing it to not function properly
coagulation
permanent change to a protein
what factors disrupt proteins
pH and temperature
four kinds of lipids
triglycerides
phospholipids
steroids
waxes
three groups of proteins
amino group
carboxyl group
R group
triglycerides
glycerol and three fatty acids (OH)
cholesterol
modfied steroid, part of cell membranes (from an animal)
phospholipid
contains a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails
saturated fatty acid
BAD FATS
straight structure, which makes it easy to stack and build up
solid at room temperature (butter)
unsaturated fatty acid
GOOD FATS
double bond > creates a bend
-liquid at room temperature (oil)
trans fats
making unsaturated fats into saturated fats
-extremely hard to break down, easily creates a build up (unhealthy)
hydrophilic
likes water
hydrophobic
repels water
polypeptides
chain of amino acids, joined by peptide bonds
four fold structure
- order that it’s in
- repeated structure (a fold or helix)
- length forces to interact with itself (folding up)
- different proteins interact with each other
essential amino acids
body isn’t self sufficient, need to get these from foods
enzymes
facilitates reactions, helping things bond together
vitamins
essential, help enzymes (organic)
minerals
essential, calcium and iron
enzymes are
proteins
what does an enzyme do
lowers the activation energy, making reactions quicker
enzyme naming
contains an ‘ase’ at the end
- maltose and maltase
- sucrose and sucrase
active site
site of reaction
-where the substrate docks
substrate
substance changed by enzyme
-can be built or split
competitive inhibitors
competition for active sites
positive feedback
small effect is amplified
-occurs more quickly, increase change
negative feedback
restore conditons to the original state
-something will correct you back (homeostasis)
feedback inhibition
can slow or stop regulation depending on the body/cells need
-critical to control waste
metabollic pathways
sequence of enzyme catalyzed reactions, that lead to the final product
allosteric site
seperate from active site, usually found on the ‘side’
allosteric activity
activiation of an enzyme at an allosteric site
cofactor
inorganic ion that helps an enzyme combine with a substrate molecule
coenzymes
an organic molecule synthesized (chemically) from a vitamin that helps an enzyme to combine with a substrate molecule
precursor activity
activation of the last enzyme in a metabollic pathway by the intial substance
peptide bond
reaction of a carboxyl group and an amino group
releasing a molecule of water
