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biology 20 > unit c > Flashcards

unit c Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

atom

A

the building blocks of matter

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2
Q

molecules

A

two or more atoms joined toghether

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3
Q

organelles

A

parts of a cell, structures that are very valuable

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4
Q

cells

A

unit of life

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5
Q

tissue

A

the same kind of cells, working together as a unit

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6
Q

organs

A

self contained part of an organisms, that has a very vital function

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7
Q

systems

A

a group of organs that work together to perform certain functions

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8
Q

organisms

A

individual animal or single celled life form

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9
Q

metabolism

A

process of breaking down chemical bonds

-chemical reactions in cells

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10
Q

catabolic reaction

A

large chemicals broken into smaller ones

-energy is released

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11
Q

anabolic reaction

A

complex chemicals are built from smaller ones

-energy is required

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12
Q

pH is determined by

A

hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions in a substance

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13
Q

buffers

A

keep things stable, substances that react with acids or bases

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14
Q

inorganic molecule

A

doesn’t have a carbon-oxygen bond

-vitamins, water

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15
Q

organic molecule

A

contains a carbon-hydrogen bond

-proteins, fats

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16
Q

chemicals of life

A

nucliec acids, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids

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17
Q

monomers

A

building blocks of polymers

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18
Q

polymer

A

one large molecule > in a long chain

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19
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

when 2 molecules come together water is released

-anabolic reaction

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20
Q

two sugars forming

A

takes energy

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21
Q

seperating two sugars

A

releases energy

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22
Q

hydrolosis

A

polymers broken down into monomers

-water molecule breaks apart the bond between subunits

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23
Q

carbohydrates

A

main energy source, what doesn’t get burned is stored as fat

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24
Q

monosaccharides

A

simple sugar molecule

-glucose, fructose, galactose

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25
Q

disaccharides

A

put together by dehydration synthesis (broken down by hydrolysis)
-sucrose, lactose, maltose

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26
Q

polysaccharides

A

many monosaccharides put together

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27
Q

startch

A

plant storage

-energy from the sun

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28
Q

cellulose

A

plant structure

-fibre cannot digest

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29
Q

glycogen

A

animal storage of excess glucose

-liver

30
Q

isomer

A

each of two or more compounds with the same formula

31
Q

biomolecule

A

carbohydrates, lipids, protein and nucleic acids

32
Q

lipid

A

fat

-isolates and is long term energy > fatty acid and glycerol

33
Q

protein

A

made up of amino acids

-good for muscle, immune system and enzymes

34
Q

nucleic acid

A

made up of nucelotide

-for our genetic structure

35
Q

state the CHONP of each biomolecule

A

carb - CHO
lipid - CHO
protein - CHON
nucleic - CHONP

36
Q

protein synethsis

A

process of creating proteins

37
Q

chaperonins

A

perceived to assist proteins in folding

38
Q

denaturing of a protein

A

deisrupts it’s shape, allowing it to not function properly

39
Q

coagulation

A

permanent change to a protein

40
Q

what factors disrupt proteins

A

pH and temperature

41
Q

four kinds of lipids

A

triglycerides
phospholipids
steroids
waxes

42
Q

three groups of proteins

A

amino group
carboxyl group
R group

43
Q

triglycerides

A

glycerol and three fatty acids (OH)

44
Q

cholesterol

A

modfied steroid, part of cell membranes (from an animal)

45
Q

phospholipid

A

contains a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails

46
Q

saturated fatty acid

A

BAD FATS
straight structure, which makes it easy to stack and build up
solid at room temperature (butter)

47
Q

unsaturated fatty acid

A

GOOD FATS
double bond > creates a bend
-liquid at room temperature (oil)

48
Q

trans fats

A

making unsaturated fats into saturated fats

-extremely hard to break down, easily creates a build up (unhealthy)

49
Q

hydrophilic

A

likes water

50
Q

hydrophobic

A

repels water

51
Q

polypeptides

A

chain of amino acids, joined by peptide bonds

52
Q

four fold structure

A
  1. order that it’s in
  2. repeated structure (a fold or helix)
  3. length forces to interact with itself (folding up)
  4. different proteins interact with each other
53
Q

essential amino acids

A

body isn’t self sufficient, need to get these from foods

54
Q

enzymes

A

facilitates reactions, helping things bond together

55
Q

vitamins

A

essential, help enzymes (organic)

56
Q

minerals

A

essential, calcium and iron

57
Q

enzymes are

A

proteins

58
Q

what does an enzyme do

A

lowers the activation energy, making reactions quicker

59
Q

enzyme naming

A

contains an ‘ase’ at the end

  • maltose and maltase
  • sucrose and sucrase
60
Q

active site

A

site of reaction

-where the substrate docks

61
Q

substrate

A

substance changed by enzyme

-can be built or split

62
Q

competitive inhibitors

A

competition for active sites

63
Q

positive feedback

A

small effect is amplified

-occurs more quickly, increase change

64
Q

negative feedback

A

restore conditons to the original state

-something will correct you back (homeostasis)

65
Q

feedback inhibition

A

can slow or stop regulation depending on the body/cells need

-critical to control waste

66
Q

metabollic pathways

A

sequence of enzyme catalyzed reactions, that lead to the final product

67
Q

allosteric site

A

seperate from active site, usually found on the ‘side’

68
Q

allosteric activity

A

activiation of an enzyme at an allosteric site

69
Q

cofactor

A

inorganic ion that helps an enzyme combine with a substrate molecule

70
Q

coenzymes

A

an organic molecule synthesized (chemically) from a vitamin that helps an enzyme to combine with a substrate molecule

71
Q

precursor activity

A

activation of the last enzyme in a metabollic pathway by the intial substance

72
Q

peptide bond

A

reaction of a carboxyl group and an amino group

releasing a molecule of water

biology 20 (10 decks)

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