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excretory system Flashcards

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1
Q

excretion

A

getting rid of materials from the body

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2
Q

secrection

A

moving materials from one place inthe body to another

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3
Q

example of a body part that secretes

A

liver, pancreas (hormones)

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4
Q

example of excretes

A

sweat, urine, tears, vomit

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5
Q

organs involved in sweating

A

sweat glands

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6
Q

organs involved in urine

A

bladder, kidneys

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7
Q

organs involved in tears

A

tear ducts

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8
Q

organs involved in vomit

A

stomach

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9
Q

organs involved in feces

A

rectum

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10
Q

three main processes in excretory system

A
  • filtration
  • reabsorption
  • secretion
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11
Q

filtration

A

the selective movement of materials from the blood (glomerulus) into the nephron (kidney)

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12
Q

reabsorption

A

movement of materials from the nephron (kidney) back into the blood
-opposite of filtration

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13
Q

process of secretion

A

the movement of materials from the blood into the kidney part after filtration has happened, in the process of making urine

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14
Q

main organs of excratory system (4)

A

kidneys, ureter, urethra and bladder

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15
Q

renal

A

kidney

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16
Q

nephron

A

functional part of the kidney

  • beige tube
  • high pressure
  • reabsorbes valuable nutrients back into the body
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17
Q

glomerulus

A

wound up capillary

  • high pressure (55-60)
  • pushes whatever it can into bowmans capsule
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18
Q

what is key to a kidney working

A

blood pressure

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19
Q

afferent arteriole

A

entering glomerulus

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20
Q

efferent arteriole

A

exiting glomerulus

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21
Q

bowmans capsule

A

wrapped around glomerulus

-site of filtration

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22
Q

proximal convoluted tubule

A

-closer to bowmans capsule

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23
Q

proximal

A

closer

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24
Q

dismal

A

distance

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25
Q

convoluted

A

complicated (twisty)

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26
Q

collecting duct

A

urine found inside

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27
Q

why are blood cells and proteins found in the filtrate

A

Proteins and red blood cells are not found in the filtrate because they are too big to fit in the capillary process of filtrating

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28
Q

Why are useful molecules like glucose and other nutrients found in the filtrate along with urea and other wastes?

A

The glucose is small enough to be filtered out into the urea, but then can be reabsorbed very quickly into the blood stream, since it is so valuable

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29
Q

One of the effects of a drug overdose is a serious decrease in blood pressure. How might this affect kidney function?

A

The kidney wouldn’t filter as properly, and the amount of filtrate would drop, meaning not all waste would get out of the body.

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30
Q

deamination

A

removal of an amino group, that is turned into ammonia

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31
Q

urea

A

combination of ammonia and carbon dioxide (less toxic)

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32
Q

metabolic waste

A
  • CO2
  • Na
  • Cl
  • H
  • NH3 (most toxic)
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33
Q

if metabolic waste becomes too….

A

concentrated in the body, they can have toxic effects

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34
Q

ammonia

A

toxic to cells

producted during the breakdown of protein

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35
Q

building blocks of proteins

A

amino acids

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36
Q

essential amino acids

A

amino acid needed to get from our diet

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37
Q

hydrolysis

A

breaking up peptide chains

  • reactant and water
  • NEEDS WATER
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38
Q

what turns ammonia to urea

A

liver, which combines ammonia with carbon dioxide

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39
Q

urea is excreted by the

A

kidneys

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40
Q

deamination

A

process of ammonia being converted to urea

-less toxic allows us to survive

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41
Q

uric acid

A

breakdown of dna

-much less concentrations also excreted by the kidney

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42
Q

urine formation starts in the

A

kidneys

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43
Q

difference in female and male urinary tract

A

females - urethra is shorter, only carries urine

males - urethra is much longer, carries sperm and semen

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44
Q

urinary tract infections are more common in

A

females, because its a shorter urethra and bacteria can get in easier/quicker

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45
Q

coretx

A

outer layer of the kidney

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46
Q

medulla

A

iner workings of kidney

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47
Q

nephron is found

A

renal cortex and renal medulla

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48
Q

loop of henley heads down into

A

the medulla

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49
Q

collecting duct takes urine into

A

renal pelvis then to the ureter

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50
Q

renal pelvis

A

iner iner kidney

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51
Q

the four main processes of urine formation

A
  • glomerular filtration
  • tubular reabsorption
  • tubular seretion
  • water reabsorption
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52
Q

glomerular filtration

A

from the blood into the nephron

-glomerulous into bowmans capsule

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53
Q

how much filtrate a day does our body produce

A

120L

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54
Q

tubular reabsorption

A

removes the useful substances from the filtrate and returns them to the blood for reuse

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55
Q

the kidneys are very much focused on

A

homeostasis

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56
Q

glomerular filtration arrows

A

down from blood flow into tubule

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57
Q

tubular reabsorption arrows

A

out from tubule into capillary/blood flow

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58
Q

tubular secretion

A

adds wastes from the blood to the filtrate after bowmans castle

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59
Q

water reabsorption

A

removes water from the filtrate and returns to the blood

-reabsorption especially for water

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60
Q

tubular secretion arrow

A

from capillary into tubule

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61
Q

water reabsorption arrow

A

from tubule to capillary etc

62
Q

why is there so much filtrate being formed

A

the glomerulous doesn’t think as it is pushing all the filtrate it can no matter how important

63
Q

bulk flow

A

forcing all the particles it can fit

64
Q

active transport

A

going from low concentration to high concentration against the concentration gradient
-uses ATP

65
Q

tonic

A

amount of solute

66
Q

hypertonic

A

lots of solute

67
Q

nutrients reabsorbed by the blood

A

sodium, potassium, glucose and amino acids

68
Q

active transport out of proximal tubule

A

NaCl, nutrients

69
Q

passive transport out of proximal tubule

A

HCO3, H2O, K

70
Q

secretion into nephron

A

hydrogen (for pH) and ammonia

71
Q

descending loop is major for

A

dealing with water, putting more water into the blood

72
Q

what part of the kidney is impermiable to everything but water

A

descending loop of henle

73
Q

concentration of salt in inner medulla

A

higher, due to the water leaving during descending loop of henle

74
Q

ascending loop is major for

A

salt balance, NaCl is diffused out

75
Q

where is salt loss the most major

A

ascending loop of henle, starting with passive transport then leding to active transport

76
Q

distal tube is major for

A

fine tuning the bloods content

77
Q

most fine tuning takes place in

A

distal tube and collecting duct

78
Q

typically what is inside urine

A
  • uric acid
  • bicarbonate ions
  • creatinine
  • potassium
  • sodium, chloride
  • urea (alot)
  • water(the most)
79
Q

largest portion of urine

A

water

80
Q

bicarbonate ions will

A

increase the blood pH

81
Q

dehydration

A

not enough water in the blood

82
Q

ADH stands for

A

anti diuretic hormone

83
Q

ADH

A

a hormone that allows the distal tubule to reabsorb water

  • through aquaporins
  • into the blood stream rather than peed out
  • without this hormone the distual tubule cannot reabsorb water
84
Q

what part of the body creates feeling of thirst

A

hypothalamus

85
Q

aquaporins

A

proteins in the kidney that reabsorb water into blood stream

-get more aquaporins with ADH

86
Q

alcohol/coffee and ADH

A

blocks ADH and makes no reabsorption of water take place, thus needing to pee immediatly

87
Q

osmoreceptors

A

looking for lack of water

-found in hypothalamus

88
Q

pituitary gland

A

where ADH is secreted

-hypothalamus activates this

89
Q

dehydration NFBL

A
  • hypothalamus osmoreceptors signal low water levels in the blood
  • activates pituary gland
  • releases ADH
  • ADH allows nephron, distal tubule to be semi permeable and reabsorb water into the bloodstream and not into our urine
90
Q

what part of the nephron does ADH target

A

distual tubule

91
Q

JGA

A

little sensoyrs in the afferent arteriole

  • sensing blood pressure
  • sends out enzyme renin
92
Q

angiotensin pathway

A

comes from the liver

  • singaled by renin/JGA
  • allows body to deal with low BP
93
Q

angiotensin-what does it do

A
  • constricts blood vessels

- releases aldosterone

94
Q

low blood pressure due to fluid levels NFBL

A
  • JGA senses low BP
  • releases enzyme renin
  • renin activates angiotensin
  • angiotensin restricts the blood vessels and releases hormone aldosterone
95
Q

aldosterone

A

a hormone from the adrenal glands (on top of the kidney)

  • targets the distual tubule/collecting duct
  • allows salt to be reabsorbed into the blood
96
Q

why would aldosterone send salt into low BP

A

with salt follows water, which would increase blood pressure

97
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

uncommon, body does not produce ADH

  • insufficent ADH production
  • dilute urine, 8L a day
  • may be treated with synthetic ADH
98
Q

cortex

A

outside

99
Q

medulla

A

middle

100
Q

renal pelvis

A

hollow inner chamber which funnerls urine to the ureter

101
Q

where does reabsorption and secretion take place in the kidney

A

cortex and medulla

102
Q

source of ADH

A

posterior pituitary gland

103
Q

source of aldosterone

A

aldrenal glands

104
Q

ADH target

A

collecting ducts and distal tubule membrane

105
Q

aldosterone target

A

collecting ducts and distal tubule membrane

106
Q

ADH is relased when

A

hypothalamus detects low water levels in the blood and shrink due to rising osmotic pressure

107
Q

aldosterone is relased when

A

JGA detects low blood pressure and releases enzyme renin which activates hormone aldosterone or constricts vessels

108
Q

ADH affects on the kidney

A

causes aquaporins in nephron to open, increasing reabsorption of water into blood

109
Q

aldosterone affects on the kidney

A

creates more salt reabsorption which moves water also into the blood

110
Q

final result of ADH

A

concentrated urine and more water in the blood

111
Q

final result of aldosterone

A

blood pressure is restored, concentration is higher in urine, more water in the blood

112
Q

diabetes

A

excess urine formation

-peeing way more than you should

113
Q

what causes diabetes insipidus

A

not enough ADH created, peeing up to 16L a day

114
Q

what type of diabetes causes you to pee out glucose

A

diabetes mellitus

115
Q

what is the importance of insulin

A

allows glucose to get into cells

116
Q

What type of diabetes do you have if insulin is not produced?

A

type 1 diabetes, where genetically you do not produce insulin

117
Q

What type of diabetes do you have if insulin is produced but does not work properly?

A

type 2 diabetes, where overtime due to diet you cannot properly use insulin made

118
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

pees alot to release high amounts of glucose in the bloodstream, looses water in the process

119
Q

symptoms of diabetes

A
  • slow healing
  • infections
  • urination
  • dehydration
  • blurred vision, can get blind
  • weight loss
  • tiredness
120
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

insulin spots are filled with fat/doesn’t work properly

-high insulin levels, that eventually wear out

121
Q

nephritis

A

inflammation of the nephron

122
Q

urinary tract infection

A
  • bacteria or viral
  • painful frequent urination
  • affects more woman than men
123
Q

kidney stones

A

excess calcium in urine, forms into little hard rocks

  • formed in renal pelvis, blocks ureter
  • pressure build up in the kidney, extremely painful
124
Q

dialysis

A

low or no kidney function

125
Q

hemodialysis

A

uses an artificial membrane to filter out the blood

126
Q

peritoneal dialysis

A

catheter is surgically inserted into the abdominal cavity

127
Q

dialysate

A

pure water, that filters blood out

128
Q

ions are solely transported by active transport in this section of the nephron

A

distal tubule

129
Q

glucose in the urine, extreme thirst, and fatigue might indicate this diease

A

diabetes mellitius

130
Q

to move substances out of the body

A

excretion

131
Q

blood plasma moving into the nephron

A

filtration

132
Q

out of the blood and into the nephron

A

secretion

133
Q

the removal of an amino group from a protein

A

deamination

134
Q

form the mid section of the kidney

A

medulla

135
Q

these capillaries wrap themselves around the tubule of the nephron

A

peritubular capillaries

136
Q

this part of the nephron only works under high pressure

A

bowmans capsel/glomerulus

137
Q

these organs are the site of excretion

A

kidneys

138
Q

this hormone adjusts water homeostasis by making the distal tubule more permeable to water

A

ADH

139
Q

urine with blood proteins in it might be the result of this diease

A

nephritis

140
Q

maximum amount of a substance has moved across the nephron

A

threshold level

141
Q

this blood cleaning technique makes use of the linings of the internal organs

A

peritoneal dialysis

142
Q

these calcium deposits form in the kidneys and will need to be passed

A

kidney stones

143
Q

tube responsible for transport of urine out of the body

A

urethra

144
Q

these tubes connnect to the distal tubule and lead out of the nephron

A

collecting duct

145
Q

most commonly concentrated solute found in the collecting ducts

A

urea

146
Q

energy compound is immediately reabsorbed in the proximal tubule

A

glucose

147
Q

85% successful procedure might be in trouble if the immune system doesn’t cooperate

A

kidney transplant

148
Q

its all about water reabsorption here

A

descending loop of henle

149
Q

functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

150
Q

hollow area of the kidney that joins ureters

A

renal pelvis

151
Q

this ion is secreted in order to control blood pH homeostasis

A

hydrogen

152
Q

ion actively transported out of the nerphron Cl and water soon passively follow

A

Na

biology 20 (10 decks)

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