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final review questions biology 20 Flashcards

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1
Q

How does the flow of energy and the flow of matter differ in the biosphere?

A
  • flow of energy is the movement of energy from one trophic level to the next
  • flow of matter is cycling of elements through living and nonliving organisms
  • energy 90% is wasted, matter is not wasted
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2
Q

Give 2 reasons why virtually all life on Earth would die if green plants were eliminated from the food chain.

A
  • green plants supply the primary consumers

- supply oxygen to the ecosystem

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3
Q

What two major factors determine the type of biome you are in?

A

percipitation and temperature (photosynethsis ability)

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4
Q

producer

A

vegetation getting it’s source from the sun (autotroph)
food chain - bottom
food web - bottom
food pyramid - bottom

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5
Q

consumer

A

animals consuming producers or other animals (heterotroph)
food chain - middle to top
food web - centeral/top
food pyramid - top

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6
Q

decomposer

A

breaks down dead organisms

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7
Q

abiotic vs biotic

A

abiotic - unliving factors (sunlight)

biotic - living organisms/factors

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8
Q

Why does the amount of energy decrease as you move through trophic levels?

A

because of the ten percent rule where only 10% of the energy goes through the trophic levels, and the other 90% is wasted
-pyramid shape is made

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9
Q

What is albedo and why is it important

A

albedo is the reflectivity of the earth, and how much sun goes back into space
-important to understand climate and how much heat is being absorbed

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10
Q

How could you change the rate of photosynthesis of a plant?

A
  • increasing light increased photosynthesis
  • higher the temperature increased photosynthesis
  • increase of concentrated carbon dioxide increased photosynthesis
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11
Q

What are 2 major components of each biogeochemical cycle we studied

A

water cycle - water between earth and sky, states changing
carbon cycle - atmosphere and organisms
nitrogen cycle - nitrogen changing forms through living and non living things
phosphoruous cycle - lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere

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12
Q

How can fertilizer affect the environment?

A

leads to eutrophication (too much nutrients- nitrogen and phosphourous)
-less organisms can live in the lake as plants overun

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13
Q

homologous structures

A

similar features in organisms that share a common ancestoral

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14
Q

analagous structures

A

features similar in function but not structure

-do not have similar ancestors

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15
Q

evolution

A

change of characteristics in successful generations over a long period of time

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16
Q

speciation

A

evolutionary process of becoming a different species

-cannot procreate with other (past) species

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17
Q

gradualism

A

tiny variations in populations to better adapt organisms, very subtle and over time

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18
Q

punctuated equilibrium

A

evolution takes place in sudden spurts rather than slowly over time

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19
Q

contributions of Lamarck

A

theory of evolution that an animal adapts during it’s life and then passes those characteristics onto it’s offspring
-cut off a mouses ear, it’s offspring should have no ear

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20
Q

contributions of Darwin

A

theory of evolution that through natural selection animals develope small variations that help them survive better

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21
Q

What types of things could cause “natural selection”?

-four things

A
  • reproduction
  • heredity (passed on from parents)
  • variation (physical and amount)
  • mutations
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22
Q

evidence for natural selection

A
  • similarities in DNA
  • similarities in embyros
  • fossil layers
  • ancient organisms remains
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23
Q

spontaneous generation

A

old theory that living organisms came from nonliving matter

-disproved by louis pasteur

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24
Q

biochemistry

A

chemical process related to and inside living organisms

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25
Q

vestigial features

A

no longer have an apparent function

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26
Q

biogeography

A

adaptations of organisms due to their enviroment

-origins, mirgrations and assosciation

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27
Q

radiometric dating

A

method to date fossils and ancient artifacts using carbon and radioactive isotopes (which are very predictable) found in substances

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28
Q

fossils

A

preserved artifact of a previous living organism

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29
Q

How can bacteria become resistant to antibiotics

A

through mutations and in a similar way that natural selection takes place
-horizontal gene transfer, passing resistant genetics to other bacteria

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30
Q

The four basic elements found in all life on Earth are what?

A

carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen

CHON

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31
Q

The monosaccharide most used by cells to produce energy via cellular respiration is what?

A

glucose

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32
Q

In which organelle does cellular respiration takes place?

A

mitochondria

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33
Q

Photoautotrophs create monosaccharides through the process of photosynthesis. How can chemoautotrophs do it?

A

chemical energy obtained through the oxidation of reduced compounds

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34
Q

Give the names of the three disaccharides we studied and name the monosaccharides they are made from.

A

sucrose- glucose and fructose
lactose- galactose and glucose
maltose- glucose and glucose

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35
Q

The synthesis of longer molecules by the removal of a water molecule is called what?

A

dehydration synthesis

-REMOVAL OF WATER MOLECULE FROM INTIAL

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36
Q

The breakdown of longer molecules by the addition of water is called what?

A

hydrolosis

-ADDING WATER TO MOLECULE TO BREAK APART

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37
Q

The scientific name for “animal starch” is what?

A

glycogen

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38
Q

startch

A

carbohydrate found in nature that is primary source of energy for humans

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39
Q

glycogen

A

energy storage in animals, fungi and bacteria

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40
Q

What polysaccharide is the major structural element of plants?

A

cellulose

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41
Q

what factors can influence the rate of enzyme activity?

A

temperature, pH and concentration

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42
Q

Fat molecules are made up of what two parts?

A

glycerol and fatty acid

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43
Q

protein molecules are made up of what two parts

A

amino acids

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44
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

A

unsaturated fats - liquid at room temperature, double carbon bond (bent) making it easier to break apart

saturated fats - solid at room temperature, greater amount of hydrogen (saturated in hydrogen) making structure straight and easily stackable

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45
Q

Which organic molecules have the most energy stored per unit weight?

A

fats or triglycerides

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46
Q

What type of bond forms between amino acids to make proteins and what is given off in this reaction?

A

peptide bonds

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47
Q

reaction that requires energy

A

endothermic

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48
Q

reaction that gives off energy

A

exothermic

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49
Q

catabolism vs anabolism

A
  • anabolism requires energy to grow and build

- catabolism uses energy to break down

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50
Q

What is the amount of energy that is needed to get a reaction started called?

A

activation energy

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51
Q

Special proteins that can make chemical reactions much more efficient are called what?

A

enzymes

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52
Q

competitive inhibition

A

molecules very similar to substrate molecules bind to the active site and prevent binding of the actual substrate

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53
Q

non-competitive inhibition

A

inhibitor reduces the activity of the enzyme

-wether substrate has binded or not

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54
Q

uncompetitive inhibition

A

enzyme inhibitor binds only to the complex formed between the enzyme and substrate

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55
Q

High temperatures can change the shape of an enzyme. If this happens, what do we say has happened to the enzyme?

A

denature

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56
Q

Vitamins and minerals may help an enzyme to function properly. What do we call molecules like this?

A

coenzymes

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57
Q

What do we call the process by which a reaction is inhibited by the end product of that reaction?

A

feeback inhibition

58
Q

In which organelles does photosynthesis take place?

A

chloroplast

59
Q

What are the flattened membranes in these organelles called?

A

thylakoid membrane

60
Q

What do we call “stacks” of these flattened membranes? (thylakoid)

A

granum

61
Q

Before we can use the food we eat, what must be done to it?

A

digested into smaller pieces

62
Q

where are startches/carbohydrates digested chemically

A

begins partially in the mouth, but mostly in the small intestine

63
Q

where are proteins digested chemically

A

stomach and duodenum

64
Q

where are lipids digested chemically

A

small intestine

65
Q

What covers the trachea during swallowing? What prevents food from going up your nose?

A

epiglottis

66
Q

Where do we get the amino acids from that we need to make our own proteins?

A

proteins, our diet

67
Q

What complex carbohydrate can not be digested by humans but can be by termites?

A

cellulose

-cannot because we lack the enzyme to do so

68
Q

Why should you eat fibre as part of your diet?

A

it helps us to poop better, excretion

69
Q

What does chewing really do for the food you eat?

A

breaks apart the food for greater surface area to digest

70
Q

What are smooth-muscle contractions called that move food along the gastrointestinal tract?

A

peristalsis

71
Q

Name the (four) sphincters of the digestive system

A

lower esophical spchincter
anal spchincter
pyloric spchincter
ileocecal spchincter

72
Q

How does the stomach carry out physical digestion of foods?

A

chyme, and digestive juices

73
Q

What is acid present in the stomach for?

A

hydrochloric acid breaks down food, and present digestive enzymes begin breakin down proteins

74
Q

How does an ulcer occur?

A

acid in the digestive tract eats away at the inner surface

75
Q

What activates trypsinogen? pepsinogen?

A
  • enterokinase

- HCl

76
Q

What important things must happen in the first portion of the small intestine? What is this area called?

A
  • digestion and absorption

- duodenum

77
Q

What are the finger-like projections of the small intestine called?

A

villi

78
Q

what are microvilli

A

smaller villi like projections on a single villi, for deeper absorption/surface area

79
Q

Why are these projections important?

A

they are the site of absorption, and create high surface area so it can happen easier and quicker

80
Q

Where does the majority of digestion occur in the human body? absorption?

A

digestion -in stomach

absorption -small intestine

81
Q

What are the accessory organs of digestion? Why are they called accessory organs?

A

teeth, tounge, galbladder, salivary glands, pancreas, liver and pancreas

82
Q

What is in pancreatic juice?

A

alkaline fluid and digestive enzymes

83
Q

What is the gall bladder for?

A

stores bile

84
Q

Why is the liver so important?

A

filters blood, detoxifies

-produces bile

85
Q

Where is bile made and stored? What happens to it as it is stored?

A

made- liver
stored- galbladder
bile is a digestive secreted fluid
-as it’s stored, the gallbladder contracts and releases into the duodenum

86
Q

What does bile do for you?

A
  • carries away waste

- breaks down fats during digestion

87
Q

Why must the pancreas secrete a solution that raises the pH in the duodenum? What is this substance?

A

the pH allows for glucose to continue being broken down after the stomach (which has too high a pH for amylase to exist)

88
Q

glucagon

A

secreted by the pancreas

-hormone that your pancreas makes to help regulate your blood glucose (sugar) levels

89
Q

What causes iodine to turn blue-black?

A

when a startch is present

90
Q

How can you test for the presence of reducing sugars in a solution?

A

benedicts solution

91
Q

What is a positive test for the presence of proteins?

A

buiret reagent

-solution turns violet

92
Q

How can you test for the presence of lipids in food?

A

using a filter paper

-like paper in fish and chips

93
Q

What system of your body can absorb undigested fat droplets? Where does this happen in the digestive system and where are these fat droplets taken?

A

in the villi, there are lacteals that absorb lipids

  • part of lymphatic system
  • eventually circulated back into the blood
94
Q

What is the name of the large vein that runs from the intestinal mucosa to the liver?

A

portal vein

-delivers blood to liver

95
Q

Why must you thank the bacteria of your body each and every day?

A

breaks down complex sugars

96
Q

What is the colon and what is its purpose?

A

removes water and electrolytes from partially digested food

-so that it is ready to be excreted

97
Q

What are the three parts of the large intestine? What is the appendix?

A

colon
rectum
anus

98
Q

appendix

A

a thin tube that connects the large intestine

99
Q

Cardiovascular is another name for the circulatory system. Why is this so?

A

cardio means heart

vascular refers to blood vessels

100
Q

Why is the aorta so large?

A

this is the largest portion of high pressure blood leaving the heart, it has to be extremely strong to properly deal with this blood

101
Q

What are the chordae tendinae?

A

strong fiberous connections between the valves and muscles

-protects atrial cavity during systole

102
Q

What is the tissue that connects the outside of the aorta to the pulmonary trunk called?

A

pericardium

-protective tissue sourrounding the heart

103
Q

Which chamber of the heart is most muscular and why?

A

the left ventricle, it is the one pumping with high pressure out the aorta to send oxygenated blood throughout the body

104
Q

What is the foramen ovalis?

A

a hole between the left and right atria

-exists right after birth but usually seals up

105
Q

What makes the “lub-dup” sounds in a heartbeat?

A

lub is the atriums closing due to pressure gradient

dup is the ventricles pumping out blood, loudest of the sounds

106
Q

How do parasympathetic nerves and sympathetic nerves affect heart rate?

A

parasympathetic - slows the heart rate

sympathetic -accelerates the heart rate

107
Q

If cardiac muscle is myogenic, then why does it need the sinoatrial node?

A

SA node is important to the heart as it sets the rate for the cardiac muscles

108
Q

Could you live without the Bundle of His?

A

not forever, as this without this portion of the heart the heart rate would drop and you would eventually need a pacemaker

109
Q

Which arteries carry blood to the head? What vein brings this blood back?

A

cartoid artery/superior vena cava

110
Q

Where are the stretch receptors located and what is their purpose?

A
  • found in the walls of the aorta and cartoid arteries

- detect high or low blood pressure and determine NFBL to bring back to homeostasis

111
Q

What are systole and diastole?

A

systole - period of pumping blood from the ventricles out of the heart
diastole - period of rest where the atriums are filled with blood until full and then pushed into ventricles

112
Q

WHEN are the different valves opened and closed?

A

when the two atriums contract, valves open

ventricles contract, valves close

113
Q

What are two main structural differences between arteries and veins?

A

arteries are beefy, stretchy and thick

veins are narrower, deeper in the body and thinner

114
Q

How can you calculate Cardiac Output?

A

stroke volume x heart rate

115
Q

What is regular blood pressure? What do the numbers represent?

A

120/80

116
Q

atherosclerosis vs arteriosclerosis

A

arteriosclerosis - disease of blocked arteries due to old age
atherosclerosis - blockage of arteries due to poor diet and high cholesterol

117
Q

Rupture of a blood vessel in the brain due to an aneurysm results in what?

A

stroke

118
Q

What vessel has thin walls and valves?

A

veins

119
Q

Which vessels have a single-cell wall layer?

A

capillaries

120
Q

What are the TWO main mixtures found in blood? What are the components of both?

A

plasma and red blood cells

  • plasma contains water, and nutrients
  • red blood cells
121
Q

Which are the most numerous cells in your blood?

A

red blood cells

122
Q

Which lymphocytes create antibodies?

A

b cells

123
Q

Why can white blood cells pass through capillary walls while red blood cells cannot?

A

red blood cells are too large, where as white blood cells are smaller

124
Q

Why is it important that you have a spleen and bone marrow to produce red blood cells

A

bone marrow is where most blood cells are created

-spleen contains white blood cells to fight pathogens in the body

125
Q

What are lymph nodes and where are some of the main nodes located?

A

neck, armpit, abdomen and groin

-contain immune cells

126
Q

Why is it better to breathe through your nose?

A

the nose has built in cleaning system to get rid of any bad things entering our body, whereas directly in our mouth stops any filter/sweeping

127
Q

How does your body try to protect you from swallowing food down the “wind pipe”?

A

through the epilglottis, which is open to the lungs until you swallow, where it shuts the larynx side and opens your esophagus

128
Q

What defence mechanisms does your respiratory system have against airborne particles?

A

mucus traps and cilla sweeps out

129
Q

How do the walls of the bronci and bronchioles differ?

A

bronchi contain cartillage for a stronger structure whereas bronchioles do not have cartilladge

130
Q

Why could we not carry oxygen without red blood cells?

A

because red blood cells contain hemoglobin which can holds oxygen, and otherwise we have no way to transport oxygen throughout our body

131
Q

Why do we have a residual air capacity?

A

so our alveoli doesn’t collapse

132
Q

What are the three main parts of the kidney? What are the functional units called?

A

cortex, medulla and pelvis

-functional unit it the nephron

133
Q

Which arteriole brings blood INTO the nephron? How does it differ in size from the arteriole that exits the nephron and why is there this size difference?

A

arteriole arterie brings blood into nephron

-larger since as arteries need to be thick and bigger for the higher pressure

134
Q

What is the main process that occurs in Bowman’s capsule?

A

filtration

135
Q

What pushes plasma through the walls of the glomerulus? Why don’t the plasma proteins go through?

A

the high pressure, and proteins don’t fit because they are too big to fit through

136
Q

What is the fluid called that passes through the glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule?

A

glomerular filtrate

-is nothing like urine, more like blood plasma

137
Q

How are important substances recovered from nephric filtrate?

A

they are absorbed throughout the tubules

-active and passive transport

138
Q

What is the main purpose of the Loop of Henle? Why might it be longer in desert mice?

A

the loop of hendle is for (descending) reabsorption of water (ascending) reabsorption of salt

-mice might have longer tubes since their water is much more valuable and thus most of it is reabsorbed and not excreted out

139
Q

Why does pumping sodium result in the transport of chloride ions?

A

due to the ionic attraction sodium and chloride contain

140
Q

What part of the Loop of Henle can water not penetrate?

A

the ascending

141
Q

What hormone(s) regulate the reabsorption of sodium, potassium and chloride?

A

aldosterone

142
Q

Besides the kidneys, what other body structures could be considered part of the excretory system?

A

stomach -vomit
tear ducts/sweat glands -water excretion
anus -fece excretion

biology 20 (10 decks)

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