final review questions biology 20 Flashcards
1
Q
How does the flow of energy and the flow of matter differ in the biosphere?
A
- flow of energy is the movement of energy from one trophic level to the next
- flow of matter is cycling of elements through living and nonliving organisms
- energy 90% is wasted, matter is not wasted
2
Q
Give 2 reasons why virtually all life on Earth would die if green plants were eliminated from the food chain.
A
- green plants supply the primary consumers
- supply oxygen to the ecosystem
3
Q
What two major factors determine the type of biome you are in?
A
percipitation and temperature (photosynethsis ability)
4
Q
producer
A
vegetation getting it’s source from the sun (autotroph)
food chain - bottom
food web - bottom
food pyramid - bottom
5
Q
consumer
A
animals consuming producers or other animals (heterotroph)
food chain - middle to top
food web - centeral/top
food pyramid - top
6
Q
decomposer
A
breaks down dead organisms
7
Q
abiotic vs biotic
A
abiotic - unliving factors (sunlight)
biotic - living organisms/factors
8
Q
Why does the amount of energy decrease as you move through trophic levels?
A
because of the ten percent rule where only 10% of the energy goes through the trophic levels, and the other 90% is wasted
-pyramid shape is made
9
Q
What is albedo and why is it important
A
albedo is the reflectivity of the earth, and how much sun goes back into space
-important to understand climate and how much heat is being absorbed
10
Q
How could you change the rate of photosynthesis of a plant?
A
- increasing light increased photosynthesis
- higher the temperature increased photosynthesis
- increase of concentrated carbon dioxide increased photosynthesis
11
Q
What are 2 major components of each biogeochemical cycle we studied
A
water cycle - water between earth and sky, states changing
carbon cycle - atmosphere and organisms
nitrogen cycle - nitrogen changing forms through living and non living things
phosphoruous cycle - lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere
12
Q
How can fertilizer affect the environment?
A
leads to eutrophication (too much nutrients- nitrogen and phosphourous)
-less organisms can live in the lake as plants overun
13
Q
homologous structures
A
similar features in organisms that share a common ancestoral
14
Q
analagous structures
A
features similar in function but not structure
-do not have similar ancestors
15
Q
evolution
A
change of characteristics in successful generations over a long period of time
16
Q
speciation
A
evolutionary process of becoming a different species
-cannot procreate with other (past) species
17
Q
gradualism
A
tiny variations in populations to better adapt organisms, very subtle and over time
18
Q
punctuated equilibrium
A
evolution takes place in sudden spurts rather than slowly over time
19
Q
contributions of Lamarck
A
theory of evolution that an animal adapts during it’s life and then passes those characteristics onto it’s offspring
-cut off a mouses ear, it’s offspring should have no ear
20
Q
contributions of Darwin
A
theory of evolution that through natural selection animals develope small variations that help them survive better
21
Q
What types of things could cause “natural selection”?
-four things
A
- reproduction
- heredity (passed on from parents)
- variation (physical and amount)
- mutations
22
Q
evidence for natural selection
A
- similarities in DNA
- similarities in embyros
- fossil layers
- ancient organisms remains
23
Q
spontaneous generation
A
old theory that living organisms came from nonliving matter
-disproved by louis pasteur
24
Q
biochemistry
A
chemical process related to and inside living organisms
25
vestigial features
no longer have an apparent function
26
biogeography
adaptations of organisms due to their enviroment
| -origins, mirgrations and assosciation
27
radiometric dating
method to date fossils and ancient artifacts using carbon and radioactive isotopes (which are very predictable) found in substances
28
fossils
preserved artifact of a previous living organism
29
How can bacteria become resistant to antibiotics
through mutations and in a similar way that natural selection takes place
-horizontal gene transfer, passing resistant genetics to other bacteria
30
The four basic elements found in all life on Earth are what?
carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen
| CHON
31
The monosaccharide most used by cells to produce energy via cellular respiration is what?
glucose
32
In which organelle does cellular respiration takes place?
mitochondria
33
Photoautotrophs create monosaccharides through the process of photosynthesis. How can chemoautotrophs do it?
chemical energy obtained through the oxidation of reduced compounds
34
Give the names of the three disaccharides we studied and name the monosaccharides they are made from.
sucrose- glucose and fructose
lactose- galactose and glucose
maltose- glucose and glucose
35
The synthesis of longer molecules by the removal of a water molecule is called what?
dehydration synthesis
| -REMOVAL OF WATER MOLECULE FROM INTIAL
36
The breakdown of longer molecules by the addition of water is called what?
hydrolosis
| -ADDING WATER TO MOLECULE TO BREAK APART
37
The scientific name for “animal starch” is what?
glycogen
38
startch
carbohydrate found in nature that is primary source of energy for humans
39
glycogen
energy storage in animals, fungi and bacteria
40
What polysaccharide is the major structural element of plants?
cellulose
41
what factors can influence the rate of enzyme activity?
temperature, pH and concentration
42
Fat molecules are made up of what two parts?
glycerol and fatty acid
43
protein molecules are made up of what two parts
amino acids
44
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
unsaturated fats - liquid at room temperature, double carbon bond (bent) making it easier to break apart
saturated fats - solid at room temperature, greater amount of hydrogen (saturated in hydrogen) making structure straight and easily stackable
45
Which organic molecules have the most energy stored per unit weight?
fats or triglycerides
46
What type of bond forms between amino acids to make proteins and what is given off in this reaction?
peptide bonds
47
reaction that requires energy
endothermic
48
reaction that gives off energy
exothermic
49
catabolism vs anabolism
- anabolism requires energy to grow and build
| - catabolism uses energy to break down
50
What is the amount of energy that is needed to get a reaction started called?
activation energy
51
Special proteins that can make chemical reactions much more efficient are called what?
enzymes
52
competitive inhibition
molecules very similar to substrate molecules bind to the active site and prevent binding of the actual substrate
53
non-competitive inhibition
inhibitor reduces the activity of the enzyme
| -wether substrate has binded or not
54
uncompetitive inhibition
enzyme inhibitor binds only to the complex formed between the enzyme and substrate
55
High temperatures can change the shape of an enzyme. If this happens, what do we say has happened to the enzyme?
denature
56
Vitamins and minerals may help an enzyme to function properly. What do we call molecules like this?
coenzymes
57
What do we call the process by which a reaction is inhibited by the end product of that reaction?
feeback inhibition
58
In which organelles does photosynthesis take place?
chloroplast
59
What are the flattened membranes in these organelles called?
thylakoid membrane
60
What do we call “stacks” of these flattened membranes? (thylakoid)
granum
61
Before we can use the food we eat, what must be done to it?
digested into smaller pieces
62
where are startches/carbohydrates digested chemically
begins partially in the mouth, but mostly in the small intestine
63
where are proteins digested chemically
stomach and duodenum
64
where are lipids digested chemically
small intestine
65
What covers the trachea during swallowing? What prevents food from going up your nose?
epiglottis
66
Where do we get the amino acids from that we need to make our own proteins?
proteins, our diet
67
What complex carbohydrate can not be digested by humans but can be by termites?
cellulose
| -cannot because we lack the enzyme to do so
68
Why should you eat fibre as part of your diet?
it helps us to poop better, excretion
69
What does chewing really do for the food you eat?
breaks apart the food for greater surface area to digest
70
What are smooth-muscle contractions called that move food along the gastrointestinal tract?
peristalsis
71
Name the (four) sphincters of the digestive system
lower esophical spchincter
anal spchincter
pyloric spchincter
ileocecal spchincter
72
How does the stomach carry out physical digestion of foods?
chyme, and digestive juices
73
What is acid present in the stomach for?
hydrochloric acid breaks down food, and present digestive enzymes begin breakin down proteins
74
How does an ulcer occur?
acid in the digestive tract eats away at the inner surface
75
What activates trypsinogen? pepsinogen?
- enterokinase
| - HCl
76
What important things must happen in the first portion of the small intestine? What is this area called?
- digestion and absorption
| - duodenum
77
What are the finger-like projections of the small intestine called?
villi
78
what are microvilli
smaller villi like projections on a single villi, for deeper absorption/surface area
79
Why are these projections important?
they are the site of absorption, and create high surface area so it can happen easier and quicker
80
Where does the majority of digestion occur in the human body? absorption?
digestion -in stomach
| absorption -small intestine
81
What are the accessory organs of digestion? Why are they called accessory organs?
teeth, tounge, galbladder, salivary glands, pancreas, liver and pancreas
82
What is in pancreatic juice?
alkaline fluid and digestive enzymes
83
What is the gall bladder for?
stores bile
84
Why is the liver so important?
filters blood, detoxifies
| -produces bile
85
Where is bile made and stored? What happens to it as it is stored?
made- liver
stored- galbladder
bile is a digestive secreted fluid
-as it's stored, the gallbladder contracts and releases into the duodenum
86
What does bile do for you?
- carries away waste
| - breaks down fats during digestion
87
Why must the pancreas secrete a solution that raises the pH in the duodenum? What is this substance?
the pH allows for glucose to continue being broken down after the stomach (which has too high a pH for amylase to exist)
88
glucagon
secreted by the pancreas
| -hormone that your pancreas makes to help regulate your blood glucose (sugar) levels
89
What causes iodine to turn blue-black?
when a startch is present
90
How can you test for the presence of reducing sugars in a solution?
benedicts solution
91
What is a positive test for the presence of proteins?
buiret reagent
| -solution turns violet
92
How can you test for the presence of lipids in food?
using a filter paper
| -like paper in fish and chips
93
What system of your body can absorb undigested fat droplets? Where does this happen in the digestive system and where are these fat droplets taken?
in the villi, there are lacteals that absorb lipids
- part of lymphatic system
- eventually circulated back into the blood
94
What is the name of the large vein that runs from the intestinal mucosa to the liver?
portal vein
| -delivers blood to liver
95
Why must you thank the bacteria of your body each and every day?
breaks down complex sugars
96
What is the colon and what is its purpose?
removes water and electrolytes from partially digested food
| -so that it is ready to be excreted
97
What are the three parts of the large intestine? What is the appendix?
colon
rectum
anus
98
appendix
a thin tube that connects the large intestine
99
Cardiovascular is another name for the circulatory system. Why is this so?
cardio means heart
| vascular refers to blood vessels
100
Why is the aorta so large?
this is the largest portion of high pressure blood leaving the heart, it has to be extremely strong to properly deal with this blood
101
What are the chordae tendinae?
strong fiberous connections between the valves and muscles
| -protects atrial cavity during systole
102
What is the tissue that connects the outside of the aorta to the pulmonary trunk called?
pericardium
| -protective tissue sourrounding the heart
103
Which chamber of the heart is most muscular and why?
the left ventricle, it is the one pumping with high pressure out the aorta to send oxygenated blood throughout the body
104
What is the foramen ovalis?
a hole between the left and right atria
| -exists right after birth but usually seals up
105
What makes the “lub-dup” sounds in a heartbeat?
lub is the atriums closing due to pressure gradient
| dup is the ventricles pumping out blood, loudest of the sounds
106
How do parasympathetic nerves and sympathetic nerves affect heart rate?
parasympathetic - slows the heart rate
| sympathetic -accelerates the heart rate
107
If cardiac muscle is myogenic, then why does it need the sinoatrial node?
SA node is important to the heart as it sets the rate for the cardiac muscles
108
Could you live without the Bundle of His?
not forever, as this without this portion of the heart the heart rate would drop and you would eventually need a pacemaker
109
Which arteries carry blood to the head? What vein brings this blood back?
cartoid artery/superior vena cava
110
Where are the stretch receptors located and what is their purpose?
- found in the walls of the aorta and cartoid arteries
| - detect high or low blood pressure and determine NFBL to bring back to homeostasis
111
What are systole and diastole?
systole - period of pumping blood from the ventricles out of the heart
diastole - period of rest where the atriums are filled with blood until full and then pushed into ventricles
112
WHEN are the different valves opened and closed?
when the two atriums contract, valves open
| ventricles contract, valves close
113
What are two main structural differences between arteries and veins?
arteries are beefy, stretchy and thick
| veins are narrower, deeper in the body and thinner
114
How can you calculate Cardiac Output?
stroke volume x heart rate
115
What is regular blood pressure? What do the numbers represent?
120/80
116
atherosclerosis vs arteriosclerosis
arteriosclerosis - disease of blocked arteries due to old age
atherosclerosis - blockage of arteries due to poor diet and high cholesterol
117
Rupture of a blood vessel in the brain due to an aneurysm results in what?
stroke
118
What vessel has thin walls and valves?
veins
119
Which vessels have a single-cell wall layer?
capillaries
120
What are the TWO main mixtures found in blood? What are the components of both?
plasma and red blood cells
- plasma contains water, and nutrients
- red blood cells
121
Which are the most numerous cells in your blood?
red blood cells
122
Which lymphocytes create antibodies?
b cells
123
Why can white blood cells pass through capillary walls while red blood cells cannot?
red blood cells are too large, where as white blood cells are smaller
124
Why is it important that you have a spleen and bone marrow to produce red blood cells
bone marrow is where most blood cells are created
| -spleen contains white blood cells to fight pathogens in the body
125
What are lymph nodes and where are some of the main nodes located?
neck, armpit, abdomen and groin
| -contain immune cells
126
Why is it better to breathe through your nose?
the nose has built in cleaning system to get rid of any bad things entering our body, whereas directly in our mouth stops any filter/sweeping
127
How does your body try to protect you from swallowing food down the “wind pipe”?
through the epilglottis, which is open to the lungs until you swallow, where it shuts the larynx side and opens your esophagus
128
What defence mechanisms does your respiratory system have against airborne particles?
mucus traps and cilla sweeps out
129
How do the walls of the bronci and bronchioles differ?
bronchi contain cartillage for a stronger structure whereas bronchioles do not have cartilladge
130
Why could we not carry oxygen without red blood cells?
because red blood cells contain hemoglobin which can holds oxygen, and otherwise we have no way to transport oxygen throughout our body
131
Why do we have a residual air capacity?
so our alveoli doesn't collapse
132
What are the three main parts of the kidney? What are the functional units called?
cortex, medulla and pelvis
| -functional unit it the nephron
133
Which arteriole brings blood INTO the nephron? How does it differ in size from the arteriole that exits the nephron and why is there this size difference?
arteriole arterie brings blood into nephron
| -larger since as arteries need to be thick and bigger for the higher pressure
134
What is the main process that occurs in Bowman’s capsule?
filtration
135
What pushes plasma through the walls of the glomerulus? Why don’t the plasma proteins go through?
the high pressure, and proteins don't fit because they are too big to fit through
136
What is the fluid called that passes through the glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule?
glomerular filtrate
| -is nothing like urine, more like blood plasma
137
How are important substances recovered from nephric filtrate?
they are absorbed throughout the tubules
| -active and passive transport
138
What is the main purpose of the Loop of Henle? Why might it be longer in desert mice?
the loop of hendle is for (descending) reabsorption of water (ascending) reabsorption of salt
-mice might have longer tubes since their water is much more valuable and thus most of it is reabsorbed and not excreted out
139
Why does pumping sodium result in the transport of chloride ions?
due to the ionic attraction sodium and chloride contain
140
What part of the Loop of Henle can water not penetrate?
the ascending
141
What hormone(s) regulate the reabsorption of sodium, potassium and chloride?
aldosterone
142
Besides the kidneys, what other body structures could be considered part of the excretory system?
stomach -vomit
tear ducts/sweat glands -water excretion
anus -fece excretion
