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biology 20 > unit A > Flashcards

unit A Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

study of biology

A

different hierarchies and levels of organization

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2
Q

study of ecology

A

organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems or biosphere as a whole

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3
Q

closed system

A

only energy can eneter and leave, matter stays consistent

example- earth

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4
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

constant change to mantian balance

example - earth and it’s ecosytems

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5
Q

homeostasis

A

trying to be balanced in biology

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6
Q

biodiversity

A

the number of species in an ecosystem

-how diverse is the ecosystem (variety)

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7
Q

mass extinction

A

a cycle the Earth goes through where natural reasons wipe out several species

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8
Q

indicator species

A

species that indicate how things are going in an ecosystem/enviroment
-very sensitive to change
example- frogs, tiger sharks or whales

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9
Q

extinct

A

no longer present on Earth

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10
Q

endangered

A

close to extinction

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11
Q

extripated

A

gone out of a large area they used to be predomaninet in

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12
Q

threatened

A

likely to become endangered, if there is no change

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13
Q

special concern

A

at risk due to low/declining numbers

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14
Q

biotic

A

alive

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15
Q

carnivores

A

organisms that only eat meat

-secondary consumers

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16
Q

herbivores

A

organisms that only eat vegetation

  • eat producers
  • primary consumer
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17
Q

omnivores

A

organisms that consume both vegetation and meat

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18
Q

decomposers

A

organisms that break down dead animals or animal waste

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19
Q

detritus

A

waste or debris of any kind

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20
Q

habitat

A

natural home or enviroment

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21
Q

population

A

amount of a species in a specfic location

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22
Q

community

A

group of multiple species existing together in the same place

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23
Q

ecosystem

A

biological community of interacting organisms and their physical enviroment

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24
Q

abiotic

A

not alive

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25
Q

hypothesis

A

educated guess

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26
Q

why should we care about how we treat nature

A
  • humans depend on it
  • diversity goes down, like a chain reactions on other animals
  • God calls us to
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27
Q

interconnected

A

everything affects everyone

example - elk and mosquito

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28
Q

biodiversity is influenced manly by

A

water
photosynthesis
high- tons of plants and animals
low- less plants and animals

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29
Q

energy flow

A

solar energy -> photosynthesis -> energy conversions into food -> into mechanical energy (humans)
-90% of energy is used for the organism, the rest is lost in thermal energy

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30
Q

autotroph

A

an organism that is able to feed itself

example- plants (through photosynthesis)

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31
Q

heterotrophs

A

organisms that get their food from other living things
-consumers or decomposers
example-humans

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32
Q

organic molecules

A

molecules produced or found in living things

example - protein

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33
Q

inorganic molecules

A

not found or made from living things

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34
Q

photosynthesis formula

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6 O2

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35
Q

chemosynthesis

A

energy created by chemical reaction

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36
Q

primary consumers

A

first consumer in food chain (herbivore)

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37
Q

secondary consumer

A

something eating something (carnivore)

-third in a food chain

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38
Q

tertiary consumer

A

eat the secondary

-third in food chain

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39
Q

omnivores can be

A

secondary, primary and tertiary depending on what they eat

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40
Q

detrivore

A

eats dead organic matter

example- earthworm

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41
Q

saprotroph

A

lives in or on dead matter and absorbs the resulting products
example - mushroom

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42
Q

food web

A

shows many feeding relationships, by many organisms

-arrow shows direction of energy

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43
Q

what does the arrow tell you in a diagram (food web/chain)

A

the flow of energy

-generally points to consumer

44
Q

niche

A

special place an organisms has in a food web/chain

-identifies trophic level

45
Q

food chain

A

linear model, pointing in the direction of energy flow

-not realistic

46
Q

trophic level

A

how many levels is it away from the sun

-producers are at the first trophic level

47
Q

keystone species

A

support other animals, without it things fall apart

-center of food webs

48
Q

DDT

A

a chemical farmers used on crops, which affected large birds eggs to be weaker and less offspring

49
Q

bio magnification

A

magnifying of something as it increases in the food chain
-accumulation
example - tuna being high in mercury

50
Q

cull

A

purposeful killing of animals

51
Q

thermal energy

A

loss of energy in the form of heat

52
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

as energy is transferred some energy is always lost (in the form of thermal heat)
-energy is lost

53
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

energy can be transferred but cannot be created or destroyed

54
Q

pyramid of numbers

A

counts how many producers/herbivores/carnivores

  • easy to read
  • energy flow
  • doesn’t show juvenile
  • snapshot in time
55
Q

pyramid of biomass

A

mass per trophic level

  • easy to read
  • shows juveniles
  • time of year is a huge factor
  • not always accurate
56
Q

pyramid of energy

A 
Energy being available and generated, existing energy 
-compare ecosystems
-mostly accurate 
-hard to calculate
omnivores don't fit in
57
Q

properties of water

A

universal solvent

  • adhesive and cohesive
  • high boiling temp and melting
58
Q

hydrchloric cycle

A

movement of water through the biosphere (atmosphere and earth)

59
Q

precipitation

A

water reaching Earths surface, some water stays positioned as still water is absorbed into the soil

60
Q

evaporation

A

using energy, surface water changes from liquid to a gas form

61
Q

transpiration

A

loss of water through plant leaves (dew)

62
Q

percolation

A

movement of liquid through porous material (soil)

-trickle

63
Q

leaching

A

removal of soluable minerals by percolation

  • carries dissolved organic matter
  • not a good thing
64
Q

what cycle is not found in the atmosphere and earth

A

phosphourous cycle

65
Q

run off

A

water from percipitaion

66
Q

water table

A

layer of water underground

67
Q

respiration

A

human form of recycling water

68
Q

acid rain

A

rain becomes very acidic

69
Q

normal rain (acid rain facts)

A

pH 5.5, carbonoxide acid

70
Q

why does rain become acidic

A

nitric oxide, sulfure dioxide

71
Q

why is water a great solvent

A

like dissoles like, water is polar

opposites attract, can rip things apart

72
Q

biggest sink of inorganic carbon

A

the ocean

73
Q

issue of global warning with oceans and carbon

A

cold water holds more carbon (slower movement)

-cannot hold as much carbon, making more in the atmosphere

74
Q

organic compound

A

compounds that contain hydrogen bound to carbon

-living things

75
Q

organic carbon example

A

C6H12O6

76
Q

summary of carbon cycle

A

inorganic to organic to inorganic

-atmosphere -earth living things -atmosphere

77
Q

where in the carbon cycle does carbon go from inorganic to organic

A

when it is consumed by living things, through cellular respiration, and then exhaled as inorganic
-or in photosynthesis

78
Q

CaCO3

A

calcium carbonate

  • inorganic carbon locks into carbonates
  • rocks, teeth, shells
79
Q

where do most of the carbon go from the carbon cycle

A

photosynthesis

inorganic - stomata - cholorfil - water - suger (organic)

80
Q

how does carbon get back into the atmosphere

A

through cellular respiration

81
Q

cellular respiration

A

conversion of organic carbon to inorganic carbon (in the mitrochondria)

82
Q

what happens when theres not enough oxygen to decompose

A

fossil fuels are created, that’s what global warming is

83
Q

hydrocarbon combustion

A

returns organic carbon to atmosphere

example- burning fossil fuels

84
Q

biggest sink of inorganic carbon

A

the ocean

85
Q

nitrogen summary

A

atmosphere - earth/living things - atmosphere

free nitrogen to nitrate to free nitrogen

86
Q

free nitrogen

A

N2

initial nitrogen in the atmosphere, plants cannot use

87
Q

what does nitrogen do for plants

A

it is used ot build proteins in plants

88
Q

nitrification

A

(nitrogen fixation)

N2 needs to be fixed, converted into NO3/NO2

89
Q

denitrification

A

reverse of nitrogen fixation

NO3 - NO2 - N2

90
Q

nitrogen cycle - lighting

A

contains so much energy it can force oxygen into free nitrogen

91
Q

nitrogen cycle - bacteria

A

anaerobic or aerobic

gives oxygen needed in nitrogen or takes away to either produce free nitrogen or nitrate

92
Q

nitrogen cycle - legumes

A

beans and such to help transfer nitrogen

93
Q

ammonification

A

fertilizers (decomposers) - ammonia (NH3) - nitrites (NO2) - nitrates (NO3)

94
Q

nitrates

A

form of nitrogen plants can use

NO3

95
Q

nitrites

A

imbetween molecules

NO2

96
Q

nitrogen

A

begning molecule
N2
free nitrogen

97
Q

anaerobic bacteria

A

don’t need oxygen (take away)

NO3 - NO2

98
Q

aerobic bacteria

A 
need oxygen (give)
N2 - NO2 - NO3
99
Q

how do holes in grass help in the nitrogen cycle?

A

make it easier to bring oxygen into the grass/nitrogen so that nitrogen fixation can happen much easier

100
Q

summary of the phosphorous cycle

A

earth - plants/animals - earth

101
Q

why do plants need phosphate

A

to grow

102
Q

phosphorous short cycle

A
  • phosphate in rocks dissolve in soil and water
  • eaten by animals/absorbed by plants
  • decompose into the ground
  • cycle continues
103
Q

phosphorous long cycle

A
  • phosphate in rocks dissolve in soil and water
  • runs into oceans and sediments
  • geological lift brings phosphourous up back to soil/rock
104
Q

CHNOPS

A 
carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen
oxygen
phosphourous
sulfur
105
Q

albedo

A

a way of measuring how reflective a surface is

106
Q

what does the polarity of water do

A

makes water an excellent solvent

107
Q

how does the albedo effect climate

A
  • If Earth’s climate is colder and there is more snow and ice on the planet
  • albedo increases, more sunlight is reflected out to space
  • and the climate gets even cooler.

biology 20 (10 decks)

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