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biology 20 > unit C - circulatory > Flashcards

unit C - circulatory Flashcards

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1
Q

percentage of red blood cells

A

hermatocrit

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2
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells
-produced in the bone marrow
-45% of blood
carries oxygen

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3
Q

plasma

A

-mixing of water and blood proteins
-55%
dissolved minerals, holds blood cells in suspension

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4
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells
-produced in the bone marrow
-less than 1%
to destroy microbes and make antibodies

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5
Q

thrombocytes

A

platelets
-produced in bone marrow
-less than 1%
cause blood clotting, forming a plug to stop body from bleeding out

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6
Q

blood clotting

A

process of forming a plug to stop the body from bleeding out

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7
Q

hormone that stimulates blood production

A

EPO (erythropoietin)

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8
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

blood shape is similar to a sickle

  • not as much surface area
  • oxygen cannot find the hemoglobin
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9
Q

three particles of blood (scientific names)

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes

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10
Q

main functions of the cirulatory system

A
  • TRANSPORTS gases, nutrients and waste throughout body
  • REGULATES the internal temperature and transports homrones
  • PROTECTS against diseases and blood loss
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11
Q

bloodletting

A

belief that it is healthy to have parts of your blood removed from the body

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12
Q

arteries (direction)

A

carry blood away from the heart

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13
Q

veins (direction)

A

carry blood toward the heart

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14
Q

capillaries (direction)

A

joins each artery and vein

-site of gas and nutrient exchange

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15
Q

three main types of blood vessels

A
  • veins
  • arterties
  • capillaries
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16
Q

blood travels

A

from the heart to the arteries to capillaries to veins back to the heart

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17
Q

arterioles

A

smaller arteries

-getting very narrow, going to transistion to capillaries

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18
Q

venuoles

A

smaller veins

-getting very narrow, going to transistion to capillaries

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19
Q

whats on either sides of capillaries

A

arterioles and venuoles

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20
Q

artery

A
  • extremely big beefy and strong

- very stretchy

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21
Q

why are arteries so thick/beefy/strong

A

need to withstand blood pressure, since blood coming from the heart has very high pressure

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22
Q

what is a pulse

A

a pulse is when the blood surges through the artery, and there is a slight bulge or wave

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23
Q

capillaries

A
  • very small, one cell thick, fragile

- allows for gas exchange, difussion and nutrient exchange

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24
Q

every cell is how far from a capillary?

A

100 micrometers

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25
Q

vein

A
  • not as elastic

- thinner walls, thinnger inner circumference

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26
Q

valves in veins

A

since blood is fighting against gravity, these one way valves prevents backflow

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27
Q

why are some of our blood vessels closed

A

we only have six litres of blood, and if all the blood vessels were open we would need over 100 liters of blood

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28
Q

pre-capillaries sphincter

A

band of smooth muscle surrounding the capillaries that control the amount of blood flow

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29
Q

where are arteries found

A

all over the body but deeper into tissues etc

better protection

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30
Q

where are veins found

A

all over the body but usually closer to the surface

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31
Q

blood pressure in artery

A

80-129 mm Hg (high pressure)

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32
Q

blood pressure in veins

A

15-20 mm Hg (low pressure)

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33
Q

further away from the heart (blood pressure goes…)

A

down

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34
Q

blood pressure in capillaries

A

15-35mm Hg (slightly higher pressure)

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35
Q

when do arteries transport de-oxygenated blood

A

when blood is being pumped from the heart to the lungs

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36
Q

when do veins carry oxygenated blood

A

pumped from lungs to the heart

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37
Q

renal

A

kidney

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38
Q

lymphatic system

A

bringing fat into the bloodstream

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39
Q

subclavian

A

where lymph system connects to blood stream

-dumped back into

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40
Q

pulmonary

A

lungs

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41
Q

pulmonary circut

A

pathway of blood leaving the heart and going to the lungs to pick up oxygen, back to the heart

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42
Q

systemic circut

A

between the heart and the body

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43
Q

atrium in the hearts

A

where blood gathers

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44
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

the process of smooth muscle around arteries contracting and reducing blood flow to tissues

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45
Q

Vasodilation

A

the relaxing of these smooth muscles for blood flow to increase.

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46
Q

how does blushing work

A

Blushing is caused by vasodilation in arteries leading to skin capillaries, the body does this since it can release some of the heat produced when the body is nervous.

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47
Q

what causes a pulse

A

The changes in diameter of the arteries due to heart contractions.
-As the heart pumps blood arteries are able to expand to withstand the sudden high pressure of blood shooting through, when they expand it pulses, and that’s exactly what we can feel

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48
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

excess lipid forming plaque on the walls of the arteries, causing blot clots that either completely block of arteries causing them to blow, or themselves blow through the walls of the arteries
-heart attack

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49
Q

varicose veins

A

large volumes of blood distended in the veins, sometimes due to prolonged standing and compression of the veins in the leg.

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50
Q

how does blood get back to the heart through veins

A

Blood is able to get back to the heart through the veins with valves that exist along the veins. Sequential contractions in the smooth muscle around veins also help massage blood back to the heart.

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51
Q

Are all the capillaries open all the time?

A

Not all capillaries are open all the time, since if they were the body would need around 200L of blood to properly function filling all those capillaries. Capillaries open depending on what cells in that area need blood.

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52
Q

cardiac output

A

measurement of the amount of blood that is pumped by the heart each minute
mL/min

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53
Q

cardiac output (formula)

A

stroke volume x heart rate

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54
Q

stroke volume

A

the quantity of blood pumped out of the left ventricle with each heartbeat
ml/min

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55
Q

heart rate

A

number of times the heart beats in one minute

beat/min

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56
Q

average cardiac output

A

5l/min or 5000ml/min

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57
Q

blood pressure

A

measurement of the forfce exerted by blood upo0n the walls of arteries

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58
Q

blood pressure is measured by a

A

sphygmomanometer

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59
Q

average blood pressure

A

120mmHg

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60
Q

average diastole blood pressure

A

80mmHg

61
Q

diastole

A

blood flowing into artery during ventricular relaxation

62
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

a cuff with an air bladder, closes off blood flow through the brachial artery

63
Q

systolic

A

pressure exerted ventricular contraction

64
Q

blood pressure depends on two factors

A

cardia output and arterial resistance
therefore
-higher heart rate = higher BP

65
Q

baroreceptors

A

found in the walls of the aorta and carotid arteries

  • detect change in BP, then sends nerve pulses to medulla oblongata
  • which then speeds up the heart or slow down the heart
66
Q

what parts on the heart causes systolic pressure

A

ventricles

67
Q

what parts on the heart causes diastolic pressure

A

ventricles or atrium

68
Q

hypertension

A

high blood pressure

69
Q

where is the oxygen coming from in the capillary

A

oxygen dissolved in the water (fluid) of the blood

70
Q

capillary bed

A

broad term for capillaries, the network

71
Q

fluid pressure

A

pushed out by the blood pressure

72
Q

osmotic pressure

A

pulling pressure

-pulling of solutes

73
Q

osmotic pressure explination

A

water is drawn to higher levels of solvents

high solvents, high osmotic pressure

74
Q

how does the blood pressure change in the circulatory system

A
  • as it moves away from the left ventricle blood pressure decreases.
  • As oxygenated blood leaves the heart it looses blood pressure
75
Q

albumins

A

protein created in the liver, responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure

76
Q

as blood pressure gets further away from your heart

A

it goes down and down and down

77
Q

highest blood pressure point

A

aorta

78
Q

blood pressure in the arteroles

A

35mmHg

79
Q

blood pressure in the venules

A

15 mmHg

80
Q

filtration

A

the selective movement of materials through capillary walls by a pressure gradient
(leaving the blood)

81
Q

measurement of osmotic pressure

A

25mmHg

82
Q

how does fluid move throughout the system

A

pressure gradient

where higher pressure forces out, lower pressure holds in

83
Q

lymph system

A

system of vessels

  • returns the fluid to circulatory system (right and left subclavian veins)
  • cleans fluid, some in the spleen
  • returns blood proteins
  • fight infections
84
Q

what is lymph

A

fluid that flows through the lymphatic system

85
Q

swollen lymph nodes

A

more white blood cells means your fighting something

86
Q

spleen

A

holds a ton of blood

87
Q

opened ended vessels

A

fluid can enter or empty out of these vessels

88
Q

lymph vessels

A

found intertwined with cells

89
Q

edema

A

the swelling of tissues, due to low osmotic pressure

-fluid stays in the tissues

90
Q

starvation

A

body has run out of glucose, fats and glycogen and starts burning your proteins

91
Q

less albumins

A

lower osmotic pressure

92
Q

shock

A

body opens up blood vessels (YOU DONT HAVE ENOUGH BLOOD FOR THAT)
-blood pressure drops

93
Q

anaphylactic shock

A

everything relaxes, blood pressure drops

94
Q

what makes the ‘lub’ sound in the heart

A

pressure from blood flowing from atria into ventricles, causing AV valves to shut

95
Q

what makes the ‘dub’ sound in the heart

A

the closing of the semilunar valves, due to presure decrease in the ventricles

96
Q

myogenic muscle

A

muscle that can beat on it’s own because nerve and electrical impulses are generated by cardiac muscle

97
Q

SA node

A

the hearts tempo or beat rate is set by the SA node

  • bundle of specialized nerves
  • right upper atrium
98
Q

AV node

A

serves as a conductor, sending impulses through two large nerve fibers (purkinie fibers)
-below SA node

99
Q

purkinje fibers

A

the two large fibers AV node sends nerve impulses by

-runs through the ventricles

100
Q

heart rate is influenced by what two

A

autonomic nerves

  • sympathetic
  • parasympathetic
101
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

prepares the body for stress

102
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

returns body to normal resting levels following adjustments to stress

103
Q

p wave (ECG)

A

electrical impulse that causes atrial contraction

104
Q

atrial contraction

A

occurs at the end of diastole

-initiates rapid flow of blood into the ventricles

105
Q

wave QRS (ECG)

A

electrical impulse that causes ventricular contraction

106
Q

t wave (ECG)

A

signals ventricles have recovered

107
Q

arrhythmia

A

irregular heartbeat

108
Q

ECG

A

electrocardiogram

109
Q

atria

A

two upper chambers of the heart

110
Q

when is the lub sound made on the ECG

A

from Q to R

111
Q

when is the dub sound made on ECG

A

wave T

112
Q

CFE

A

capillary fluid exchange

process of differences of blood pressure and osmotic pressure moving fluid in and out of tissues

113
Q

ECF

A

extracellular fluid

occupies the space between cells and tissues

114
Q

filtration

A

fluid moves into tissues

selective movement of materials through capillary walls by a pressure gradient

115
Q

absorption

A

fluid moves into capillary

blood takes back the filtrated fluids, osmotic pressure is greater than the blood pressure

116
Q

fluid pressure

A

blood pressure witin the blood vessels as blood moves in and out of the heart

117
Q

osmotic pressure

A

pressure it takes to exchange fluids across a permeable membrane
“pulling of solutes power”

118
Q

osmotic pressure is greater than blood pressure

A

absorption

119
Q

blood pressure is greater than osmotic pressure

A

filtration

120
Q

how does CFE happen

A
  • arteriole blood pressure greater than osmotic pressure
  • filtration moves blood plasma out of blood and into ECF
  • nutrients and wastes are exchanged with cells in capillary bed
  • at venuole osmotic pressure is greater than blood pressure
  • absorption takes place and fluid returns into the blood
121
Q

purpose of capillary

A

provides cells with oxygen, glucose and amino acids

122
Q

lymph

A

is the fluid found in the lymph system vessels from leackage of protein in capillary sites

123
Q

how is lymph returned to the blood stream

A

right and left subclavian veins

124
Q

tachycardia

A

heartbeat is too fast

-shortness of breath, chest pain, lightheadedness

125
Q

arrhythmia

A

issue with rhythme of your heart (chaotic signals from nodes)
-fainting, sweaty, dizziness

126
Q

angia

A

heart muscles not getting enough oxygen

-chest pain

127
Q

heart attack

A

oxygen is blocked from entering the heart and a portion of the heart stops functioning

128
Q

cardiac arrest

A

sudden loss of heart function

129
Q

difference betwen cardiac arrest and heart attack

A

cardiac arrest is electrical

heart attack of circulation

130
Q

heart murmurs

A

indication of improper blood pumping in the heart (added sound)

131
Q

aortic aneurysm

A

buldge in aorta, leading to rupture

-usually caused by high blood pressure or sudden injury

132
Q

atrial fibrilation

A

irregulayl fast heartbeat that leads to blood clots

133
Q

ventricular fibrilation

A

irregular heartbeat causes chambers to switch

134
Q

percicarditis and myocarditis

A

inflamation of the heart muscle

135
Q

caricose veins

A

enlarged twisted veins

136
Q

stroke

A

build up in arteries leading toward the brain (loss of blood flow to brain)

137
Q

atherosclerosis

A

build up of fat in the artery walls

138
Q

hypertension

A

high blood pressure

139
Q

high cholesterol

A

body has difficulty managing cholesterol (blocked arteries)

140
Q

pulmonary embolism

A

blood clot get clogged in the lung artery

141
Q

coronary arteries

A

brings oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle

142
Q

right ventricle vs left ventricle

A

left ventricle more circular due to higher blood pressure

right ventrile more cresent due to lower blood pressure

143
Q

systolic pressure

A

pressure of the blood on the walls of the arteries as it is pushed out, during contraction

144
Q

diastolic pressure

A

pressure of in the blood on the walls of the arteries during resting state, as blood enters the heart in the atrium

145
Q

numbers for hypertension

A

> 130/90mm/Hg

146
Q

numbers for hypotension

A

<90/60mm/Hg

147
Q

cardiac output

A

the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute

ml or L

148
Q

arteriolar resistance

A

the resistance to blood flow in the arterioles

biology 20 (10 decks)

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