unit B part two Flashcards
evolution
state of changing
theory
a very well substantiated explanation of some aspect
-as close to a fact as possible
levels of classification
kingdom phylum class order family genus species
taxonomy
organization + classification of living things
aristotles involvement in taxonomy
initiated this by the ladder of life
-classifying plants vs animals
van leeuwenhoek involvement in taxonomy
continued to further divide organisms with the help of the invention of the microscope
-animals plants and protists
carlos linnaeus involvement in taxonomy
smaller and smaller dividing based on physical characteristics
-phylum, class, order, family, genus and species
we classify living things to
identify
for communication
predictions
evolution proof
protist
not plant or animals
-small creatures
the six kingdoms
eubacteria plantae animalia fungi protista archaebacteria
eubacteria
-asexual reproduction
-simple organisms
-most in numbers
example > bacteria
plantae
-autotroph
-photosynthesis
example > mosses + ferns
animalia
-sexual reproduction
-heterotroph
-most diverse
example > mammals, birds
fungi
-heterotroph
-multicellular
example > mushrooms
protista
-aquatic habitat
-single celled
example > algae
archaebacteria
-heterotroph
-live in saltwater
example > methanogens
fundamental aspect of evolution
cells all came from one
cell category
bacteria
archaea
eukarya
bacteria (cell category)
no nucleaus or organelles
archaea (cell category)
no membrane bound organelles
> live in extreme enviroments
eukarya (cell category)
membrane bound
what is the acrynome used to remmeber the levels of classification
King Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti
phylogenetic tree
greater classification diagram
>looks similar to a tree
-shows the evolutionary process and their connections
taxonomy
science of classification
-shows relatedness
two different animals cannot share the same…
genus and species
binomial nomenclature
system using 2 names to denote a species
species
all individuals that can interbreed naturally to produce fertile offspring
genus
ranks animals below family, above species
geology
study of Earths geology, can be slow or sudden change
percentage of creatures that have lived and are gone
90 percent
fossil
fraction of what used to be
-shows increase in complexity of life
example : initially very simple life like the common cell
principal of superposition
tend to find similar complexity of fossils on similar layers of earth
- since the older (less complex) the earth is, the lower a layer it will be
- the younger the fossil (more complex) the closer to the surface this layer will be
radiometric dating
way to date fossils (technique)
-using a ratio of carbon14 (lack of when dead)
homologous
similarity in features ‘due to inheritance’
analogous
look similar, without a common ancestor
homologous structures
similar structures that don’t function the same
-believed to be from evolution and inheritance
vestigial structures
structures that don’t seem useful
-wisdom teeth
analogous structure
looks similar but not due to inheristance
embryology
similarity in embryos across different species fetuses
selective breeding
shows through humans actions, species over time can change
biochemistry
things that are similar have similarity right down to the genetic code
spontaneous generation
common belief in the 1800s that life appeared from magic in the air
-disproved in the 1860s (pasteur)
lamarck
theory of acquired traits
-organisms want to improve themselves
-organisms have the ability to produce new adaptations to change themselves and pass it on
example - giraffes
charles darwin
created the theory of natural selection
adaptation
structural and behavioral, food + protection +reproductive
-improves an organisms survival
main points of the theory of natural selection (three)
-organisms produce way more offspring than they need
example penguins
-there is variation among individuals in a population
example humans
-always seems to be competition in nature
example coral (sunlight)
survival of the fittest means
who is the most FIT to survive in that environment
variation
a range of difference
can exist in two ways
-interspecific
-intraspecfic
interspecfic variation
variations occur between different species
intraspecific
variations occur in the same species
continously variable
exists on a spectrum
-controlled by many genes
example - hair color
discrete variation
distinct
-controlled by a specific gene
example - blood type
structural adaptations
physical features
behavioral adaptations
the way an organism acts or things
physiological adaptation
changes or chemical reactions that occur within an organism
sources of variation
- sexual variation
- mutations
sexual variation
increases population variety, since genetics are new and unique
mutations
changes in DNA while cells are changing
example - sickle cell ammonia, blood are the wrong shape
species
organisms that have similar structures and behaviors that make them capable to interbreed to produce fertile offspring
speciation
the making of species
production of new species need…
variation
isolation
selective advantage
directional selection
graphing showing change from the side
microevolution
change in gene pool
macroevolution
speciation, change between two species
3 things needed for evolution
variety - sexual reproduction, mutants
isolation
natural selection - competition
