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biology 20 > unit B part two > Flashcards

unit B part two Flashcards

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1
Q

evolution

A

state of changing

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2
Q

theory

A

a very well substantiated explanation of some aspect

-as close to a fact as possible

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3
Q

levels of classification

A 
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
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4
Q

taxonomy

A

organization + classification of living things

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5
Q

aristotles involvement in taxonomy

A

initiated this by the ladder of life

-classifying plants vs animals

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6
Q

van leeuwenhoek involvement in taxonomy

A

continued to further divide organisms with the help of the invention of the microscope
-animals plants and protists

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7
Q

carlos linnaeus involvement in taxonomy

A

smaller and smaller dividing based on physical characteristics
-phylum, class, order, family, genus and species

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8
Q

we classify living things to

A

identify
for communication
predictions
evolution proof

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9
Q

protist

A

not plant or animals

-small creatures

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10
Q

the six kingdoms

A 
eubacteria
plantae
animalia
fungi
protista
archaebacteria
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11
Q

eubacteria

A

-asexual reproduction
-simple organisms
-most in numbers
example > bacteria

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12
Q

plantae

A

-autotroph
-photosynthesis
example > mosses + ferns

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13
Q

animalia

A

-sexual reproduction
-heterotroph
-most diverse
example > mammals, birds

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14
Q

fungi

A

-heterotroph
-multicellular
example > mushrooms

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15
Q

protista

A

-aquatic habitat
-single celled
example > algae

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16
Q

archaebacteria

A

-heterotroph
-live in saltwater
example > methanogens

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17
Q

fundamental aspect of evolution

A

cells all came from one

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18
Q

cell category

A

bacteria
archaea
eukarya

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19
Q

bacteria (cell category)

A

no nucleaus or organelles

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20
Q

archaea (cell category)

A

no membrane bound organelles

> live in extreme enviroments

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21
Q

eukarya (cell category)

A

membrane bound

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22
Q

what is the acrynome used to remmeber the levels of classification

A 
King
Phillip
Came
Over
For
Good
Spaghetti
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23
Q

phylogenetic tree

A

greater classification diagram
>looks similar to a tree
-shows the evolutionary process and their connections

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24
Q

taxonomy

A

science of classification

-shows relatedness

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25
Q

two different animals cannot share the same…

A

genus and species

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26
Q

binomial nomenclature

A

system using 2 names to denote a species

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27
Q

species

A

all individuals that can interbreed naturally to produce fertile offspring

28
Q

genus

A

ranks animals below family, above species

29
Q

geology

A

study of Earths geology, can be slow or sudden change

30
Q

percentage of creatures that have lived and are gone

A

90 percent

31
Q

fossil

A

fraction of what used to be
-shows increase in complexity of life
example : initially very simple life like the common cell

32
Q

principal of superposition

A

tend to find similar complexity of fossils on similar layers of earth

  • since the older (less complex) the earth is, the lower a layer it will be
  • the younger the fossil (more complex) the closer to the surface this layer will be
33
Q

radiometric dating

A

way to date fossils (technique)

-using a ratio of carbon14 (lack of when dead)

34
Q

homologous

A

similarity in features ‘due to inheritance’

35
Q

analogous

A

look similar, without a common ancestor

36
Q

homologous structures

A

similar structures that don’t function the same

-believed to be from evolution and inheritance

37
Q

vestigial structures

A

structures that don’t seem useful

-wisdom teeth

38
Q

analogous structure

A

looks similar but not due to inheristance

39
Q

embryology

A

similarity in embryos across different species fetuses

40
Q

selective breeding

A

shows through humans actions, species over time can change

41
Q

biochemistry

A

things that are similar have similarity right down to the genetic code

42
Q

spontaneous generation

A

common belief in the 1800s that life appeared from magic in the air
-disproved in the 1860s (pasteur)

43
Q

lamarck

A

theory of acquired traits
-organisms want to improve themselves
-organisms have the ability to produce new adaptations to change themselves and pass it on
example - giraffes

44
Q

charles darwin

A

created the theory of natural selection

45
Q

adaptation

A

structural and behavioral, food + protection +reproductive

-improves an organisms survival

46
Q

main points of the theory of natural selection (three)

A

-organisms produce way more offspring than they need
example penguins
-there is variation among individuals in a population
example humans
-always seems to be competition in nature
example coral (sunlight)

47
Q

survival of the fittest means

A

who is the most FIT to survive in that environment

48
Q

variation

A

a range of difference
can exist in two ways
-interspecific
-intraspecfic

49
Q

interspecfic variation

A

variations occur between different species

50
Q

intraspecific

A

variations occur in the same species

51
Q

continously variable

A

exists on a spectrum
-controlled by many genes
example - hair color

52
Q

discrete variation

A

distinct
-controlled by a specific gene
example - blood type

53
Q

structural adaptations

A

physical features

54
Q

behavioral adaptations

A

the way an organism acts or things

55
Q

physiological adaptation

A

changes or chemical reactions that occur within an organism

56
Q

sources of variation

A
  • sexual variation

- mutations

57
Q

sexual variation

A

increases population variety, since genetics are new and unique

58
Q

mutations

A

changes in DNA while cells are changing

example - sickle cell ammonia, blood are the wrong shape

59
Q

species

A

organisms that have similar structures and behaviors that make them capable to interbreed to produce fertile offspring

60
Q

speciation

A

the making of species

61
Q

production of new species need…

A

variation
isolation
selective advantage

62
Q

directional selection

A

graphing showing change from the side

63
Q

microevolution

A

change in gene pool

64
Q

macroevolution

A

speciation, change between two species

65
Q

3 things needed for evolution

A

variety - sexual reproduction, mutants
isolation
natural selection - competition

biology 20 (10 decks)

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