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biology 20 > immune system unit C > Flashcards

immune system unit C Flashcards

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1
Q

lymphatic system

A

a system of fluid drainage

-transport lymph through a network of vessels, nodes, ducts and organs

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2
Q

lymph

A

colorless fluid found in lymph vessels

-continas proteins, waste, debris and carries cells to help fight infections

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3
Q

lymphocytes

A

a type of white blood cell that produces antibodies

-produced in the bone marrow

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4
Q

3 main functions of the lymphatic system

A
  • maintenance of fluid balance
  • immunity
  • transports fats
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5
Q

lymph node

A

acts as a filter to trap foreign particles and store lymphocytes

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6
Q

what does swelling of the lymph node mean

A

there is multiplications of lymphocytes that produces swelling of the nodes
-shows our body needs antibodies

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7
Q

where are nodes found

A

groin, armpits, abdomen and neck

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8
Q

spleen

A

reservoir for blood and filtering site for lymph

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9
Q

thymus

A

site of lymphocyte maturation

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10
Q

pathogen

A

a cell causing disease to it’s host

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11
Q

first line of defence

A

physical barriers

-cillia, sneezing, skin

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12
Q

macrophages

A

the first to come in contact in the second line of defense

  • shoots out a pod
  • aborbs and dissolves pathogen into small bits
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13
Q

memory b cell

A

remembers the antigen markers, and the antibodies needed

-produced after the immune response

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14
Q

b cells

A

produce the antibodies for specfic invadors

-stored in lymph system (easily emptied into bloodstream)

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15
Q

killer t cell

A

kills the host cell and invading virus

-injecting the virus or stab holes

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16
Q

suppressor t cell

A

puts an end to the fight so our body conserves energy

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17
Q

autoimmune diseases

A

attacks part of ourselves

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18
Q

allergies

A

attacks non pathogens

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19
Q

redness symptom

A

rush of blood bringing white blood cells to the area, making it slightly red

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20
Q

swelling

A

extra blood cells and lymph rushing to the area

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21
Q

puss on wounds

A

dead white cells after protecting an open wound/cut

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22
Q

fever

A

signal sent out by macrophages, to slow down the bacteria/pathogen

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23
Q

helper t cell

A

binds onto antigens on the surface of a macrophage to remember the markers of pathogens
-contains a receptor

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24
Q

phagocytosis

A

process by which white blood cells engulfs and chemically destroys a microbe

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25
Q

three lines of defense

A
  1. prevent intruders from entering
  2. non specific response
  3. specific response
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26
Q

first defense

A

skin
respiratory tract
serections of the body
stomach acid

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27
Q

cells involved in immunity response

A

white blood cells

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28
Q

why is a cut such a big deal

A

skin is such a major line of defense that a cut can allow easy infections

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29
Q

skin

A
  • using sweat to inhibite pathogens
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30
Q

respiratory tract

A
  • contains mucous/cila to trap and sweep
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31
Q

serections of the body

A

tears, saliva, mucous and sweat

  • enzymes that destroy bacteria
  • hard for pathogens to live
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32
Q

second line of defense

A

non specfic immunity

-macrophage

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33
Q

nonspecific immunity

A

generalized immune system response to remove pathogens

-includes cuts or injuries (healing)

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34
Q

nonspecific immunity

A

generalized immune system response to remove pathogens

-includes cuts or injuries (healing)

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35
Q

third line of defense

A

specfic immunity

  • macrophage copies desolved pathogen’s antigen and puts it on it’s surface
  • helper T cells activate and clamp onto the shape of the antigen’s to memorize shape
  • intitates killer t cell and b cells
  • b cells rapidly produce the antibodies for certain pathogen from information given by helper t cell
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36
Q

specfic immunity

A

dealing with a specific virus the body wants to remember

-different approach than the generalized immune response

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37
Q

antigen

A

markers that alert the body that the pathogen doesn’t belong in the body
-antigen forces body to make antibodies

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38
Q

thymus gland

A

stores helper T cells

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39
Q

t cell receptor

A

piece on the t cell that memorizes the antigen

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40
Q

b cells stand for

A

antiBody cells

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41
Q

clonal selection

A

one cell is selected out of billions of b cells and identical clones are created from it
-creates many b cells that can fight with the right antibodies

42
Q

antibodies

A

flag pathogens for destruction

43
Q

antibody antigen complex

A

when antibodies have fully attached to antigens

-easiest form for macrophages to digest/find

44
Q

formation of b cells means you’ve

A

gained immunity

45
Q

A blood

A

antigens : A

antibodies : anti B

46
Q

B blood

A

antigens : B

antibodies : anti A

47
Q

AB blood

A

antigens : AB

antibodies : none

48
Q

O blood

A

antigens : none

antibodies : AB

49
Q

what distinguishes types of blood

A

antigens on surface

ex - type a has ‘a’ antigen…. type o has none

50
Q

RH factor

A

determines blood positive or negative

-positive blood contains RH

51
Q

Rh- cannot recieve

A

Rh+

52
Q

A cannot receive

A

B or AB

53
Q

B cannot receive

A

A or AB

54
Q

AB can receive

A

A, B, AB or O

55
Q

O cannot receive

A

A, B, or AB

56
Q

universal donor

A

O-

57
Q

universal recipiant

A

AB+

58
Q

aggulation

A

blood clumping due to anitbodies reacting

59
Q

end of the story (immune response)

A

Antibody-antigen complex is formed, virus is destroyed, suppressor T cells stop battle, memory B cells create immunity

60
Q

Type A- can receive

A

O-

A-

61
Q

type A+ can receive

A

O-
O+
A-
A+

62
Q

type B- can receive

A

O-

B-

63
Q

type B+ can receive

A

O-
O+
B-
B+

64
Q

type AB- can receive

A

O-
A-
B-
AB-

65
Q

type AB+ can receive

A

all types

66
Q

type O- can receive

A

O-

67
Q

type O+

A

O-

O+

68
Q

antibodies are found

A

in blood plasma

69
Q

role of blood

A

links all cells and organs in the body

70
Q

blood consists of two elements

A

fluid plasma and solid

71
Q

percentage of blood

A

plasma 55%
white blood cells 1%
red blood cells 44%

72
Q

plasma consists of

A

water, dissolved nutrients, vitamins, waste products etc

73
Q

solid portion of blood consits of

A

red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

74
Q

leukemia

A

cancer of the white blood cells

-where there are too many white blood cells that crowd out blood cells

75
Q

thrombocytes

A

platelets

-tiny cell fragments involved in clotting

76
Q

treatment of leukemia

A

bone marrow transplant

77
Q

what is the first thing that happens when a blood vessel is damaged

A

sticky substance is released that attracts platlets

78
Q

what do platlets do after clogging the site?

A

release thromboplastin which changes the enzyme prothrombin to thrombin

79
Q

what is the purpose of thrombin

A

thrombin changes the passing by fibrinogen to fibrin which covers the wound as a fiberous netting

80
Q

fibrinogen

A

soluble plasma protein

81
Q

fibrin + red blood cells =

A

clot

82
Q

what is all inside a clot

A
  • platlets
  • red blood cells
  • fibrin
  • clotting factors
83
Q

prothrombin

A

inactive enzyme that is important in the process of blood clotting

84
Q

artheritis

A

the body attaks the joints, which swells and is harder to bend and use

85
Q

MS

A

body attacks the covering over nerves

-tons of different symptoms

86
Q

lupus

A

body attacks different parts all over, causes very random symptoms
-general sickness, sores, face rash,

87
Q

histamine

A

hormone the body releases to cause swelling

88
Q

HIV

A

virus that targets killer T cells and immobilizes them

-the body cannot fight disease

89
Q

antibiotics

A

help prevent bacteria from making cell walls

-do not work on viruses

90
Q

super bacteria

A

bacteria that has developed to be reistant to antibodies

91
Q

smallpox

A

-eradicated

big round welts full of puss, causes blindness

92
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

immune system attacks the insulin producing cells of the pancreas

93
Q

pancreas

A

creates insulin

94
Q

insulin

A

important for dealing with sugars

95
Q

organ transplants

A

transplants rejections happen due to immune system attacking the transplanted organ

96
Q

immune supresents

A

shuts off ur immune system

-usualy to allow body not to reject an organ transplant

97
Q

deep vein thrombosis

A

blood clot that breaks loose

  • usually in deep veins
  • extreme pain
98
Q

what is dangerous about deep vein thrombosis

A

if the blood clot ends up in the lungs, it can cause pumonary embolism which can kill you very quikcly

99
Q

the presence of this material would show evidence of a battle between macrophages or neutrophils and damaged tissue or foreign intrudes

A

pus

100
Q

name given when an antibody attaches to an antigen

A

antibody-antigen complex

biology 20 (10 decks)

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