immune system unit C Flashcards
lymphatic system
a system of fluid drainage
-transport lymph through a network of vessels, nodes, ducts and organs
lymph
colorless fluid found in lymph vessels
-continas proteins, waste, debris and carries cells to help fight infections
lymphocytes
a type of white blood cell that produces antibodies
-produced in the bone marrow
3 main functions of the lymphatic system
- maintenance of fluid balance
- immunity
- transports fats
lymph node
acts as a filter to trap foreign particles and store lymphocytes
what does swelling of the lymph node mean
there is multiplications of lymphocytes that produces swelling of the nodes
-shows our body needs antibodies
where are nodes found
groin, armpits, abdomen and neck
spleen
reservoir for blood and filtering site for lymph
thymus
site of lymphocyte maturation
pathogen
a cell causing disease to it’s host
first line of defence
physical barriers
-cillia, sneezing, skin
macrophages
the first to come in contact in the second line of defense
- shoots out a pod
- aborbs and dissolves pathogen into small bits
memory b cell
remembers the antigen markers, and the antibodies needed
-produced after the immune response
b cells
produce the antibodies for specfic invadors
-stored in lymph system (easily emptied into bloodstream)
killer t cell
kills the host cell and invading virus
-injecting the virus or stab holes
suppressor t cell
puts an end to the fight so our body conserves energy
autoimmune diseases
attacks part of ourselves
allergies
attacks non pathogens
redness symptom
rush of blood bringing white blood cells to the area, making it slightly red
swelling
extra blood cells and lymph rushing to the area
puss on wounds
dead white cells after protecting an open wound/cut
fever
signal sent out by macrophages, to slow down the bacteria/pathogen
helper t cell
binds onto antigens on the surface of a macrophage to remember the markers of pathogens
-contains a receptor
phagocytosis
process by which white blood cells engulfs and chemically destroys a microbe
three lines of defense
- prevent intruders from entering
- non specific response
- specific response
first defense
skin
respiratory tract
serections of the body
stomach acid
cells involved in immunity response
white blood cells
why is a cut such a big deal
skin is such a major line of defense that a cut can allow easy infections
skin
- using sweat to inhibite pathogens
respiratory tract
- contains mucous/cila to trap and sweep
serections of the body
tears, saliva, mucous and sweat
- enzymes that destroy bacteria
- hard for pathogens to live
second line of defense
non specfic immunity
-macrophage
nonspecific immunity
generalized immune system response to remove pathogens
-includes cuts or injuries (healing)
nonspecific immunity
generalized immune system response to remove pathogens
-includes cuts or injuries (healing)
third line of defense
specfic immunity
- macrophage copies desolved pathogen’s antigen and puts it on it’s surface
- helper T cells activate and clamp onto the shape of the antigen’s to memorize shape
- intitates killer t cell and b cells
- b cells rapidly produce the antibodies for certain pathogen from information given by helper t cell
specfic immunity
dealing with a specific virus the body wants to remember
-different approach than the generalized immune response
antigen
markers that alert the body that the pathogen doesn’t belong in the body
-antigen forces body to make antibodies
thymus gland
stores helper T cells
t cell receptor
piece on the t cell that memorizes the antigen
b cells stand for
antiBody cells
clonal selection
one cell is selected out of billions of b cells and identical clones are created from it
-creates many b cells that can fight with the right antibodies
antibodies
flag pathogens for destruction
antibody antigen complex
when antibodies have fully attached to antigens
-easiest form for macrophages to digest/find
formation of b cells means you’ve
gained immunity
A blood
antigens : A
antibodies : anti B
B blood
antigens : B
antibodies : anti A
AB blood
antigens : AB
antibodies : none
O blood
antigens : none
antibodies : AB
what distinguishes types of blood
antigens on surface
ex - type a has ‘a’ antigen…. type o has none
RH factor
determines blood positive or negative
-positive blood contains RH
Rh- cannot recieve
Rh+
A cannot receive
B or AB
B cannot receive
A or AB
AB can receive
A, B, AB or O
O cannot receive
A, B, or AB
universal donor
O-
universal recipiant
AB+
aggulation
blood clumping due to anitbodies reacting
end of the story (immune response)
Antibody-antigen complex is formed, virus is destroyed, suppressor T cells stop battle, memory B cells create immunity
Type A- can receive
O-
A-
type A+ can receive
O-
O+
A-
A+
type B- can receive
O-
B-
type B+ can receive
O-
O+
B-
B+
type AB- can receive
O-
A-
B-
AB-
type AB+ can receive
all types
type O- can receive
O-
type O+
O-
O+
antibodies are found
in blood plasma
role of blood
links all cells and organs in the body
blood consists of two elements
fluid plasma and solid
percentage of blood
plasma 55%
white blood cells 1%
red blood cells 44%
plasma consists of
water, dissolved nutrients, vitamins, waste products etc
solid portion of blood consits of
red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
leukemia
cancer of the white blood cells
-where there are too many white blood cells that crowd out blood cells
thrombocytes
platelets
-tiny cell fragments involved in clotting
treatment of leukemia
bone marrow transplant
what is the first thing that happens when a blood vessel is damaged
sticky substance is released that attracts platlets
what do platlets do after clogging the site?
release thromboplastin which changes the enzyme prothrombin to thrombin
what is the purpose of thrombin
thrombin changes the passing by fibrinogen to fibrin which covers the wound as a fiberous netting
fibrinogen
soluble plasma protein
fibrin + red blood cells =
clot
what is all inside a clot
- platlets
- red blood cells
- fibrin
- clotting factors
prothrombin
inactive enzyme that is important in the process of blood clotting
artheritis
the body attaks the joints, which swells and is harder to bend and use
MS
body attacks the covering over nerves
-tons of different symptoms
lupus
body attacks different parts all over, causes very random symptoms
-general sickness, sores, face rash,
histamine
hormone the body releases to cause swelling
HIV
virus that targets killer T cells and immobilizes them
-the body cannot fight disease
antibiotics
help prevent bacteria from making cell walls
-do not work on viruses
super bacteria
bacteria that has developed to be reistant to antibodies
smallpox
-eradicated
big round welts full of puss, causes blindness
type 1 diabetes
immune system attacks the insulin producing cells of the pancreas
pancreas
creates insulin
insulin
important for dealing with sugars
organ transplants
transplants rejections happen due to immune system attacking the transplanted organ
immune supresents
shuts off ur immune system
-usualy to allow body not to reject an organ transplant
deep vein thrombosis
blood clot that breaks loose
- usually in deep veins
- extreme pain
what is dangerous about deep vein thrombosis
if the blood clot ends up in the lungs, it can cause pumonary embolism which can kill you very quikcly
the presence of this material would show evidence of a battle between macrophages or neutrophils and damaged tissue or foreign intrudes
pus
name given when an antibody attaches to an antigen
antibody-antigen complex
