Unit A Section 4.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

Artificial selection is the process of selecting and breeding individuals with desirable traits to produce offspring that have these desired traits

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2
Q

What is the difference between natural selection and artificial selection?

A

-in natural selection the environment “selects”
traits.
-In artificial selection, humans select traits.

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3
Q

What organisms can artificial selection apply to?

A

livestock, champion horses, domestic pets, food, and ornamental plants.

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4
Q

How can food or plants be artificially selected?

A

-by taking the seeds of the healthiest or best
producing plants and sowing them the following year, farmers can generally “weed out” less desirable traits and promote more desirable ones.

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5
Q

How long has an artificial selection going on?

A

-Humans have practiced artificial selection since we first began to farm about 10 000 years ago.
- After so many generations of artificial selection,
most of our plants no longer resemble the wild species from which they were bred

-For example, Corn was bred by native peoples from a species of grass called teosinte

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6
Q

What is biotechnology?

A

using technology to biologically breed animals into more desired ones

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7
Q

What is the advantage of biotechnology?

A

artificial selection has successfully produced most of our world’s crops and livestock

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8
Q

What is the disadvantage of biotechnology?

A

it takes a very long time (many generations of plants and animals) to get an organism with the desired combination of traits.
-EX. breed cows over many generations to get a whole herd that produces large quantities of milk

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9
Q

What is the solution for the slow artificial selection process?

A
  • developed technologies that can speed up this process

- These technologies can range from “low tech” to extremely “high tech.”

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10
Q

What is a clone?

A

Identical organisms produced by technology are called clones

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11
Q

What is the simplest way to create a clone?

plants

A

is by taking a cutting from a plant and growing an
identical plant from the cutting.

-Horticulturalists do this routinely.

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12
Q

What is the drawback of cloning?

plants

A

the ideal plant has only so many leaves that can be

cut off to use as cuttings.

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13
Q

What is the solution for the drawback of cloning plants,.

HOW have Scientists have developed a quicker way to create clones

A
  • Cells are removed from an individual plant that has the particular traits that are wanted
  • These cells are placed on a Petri dish or bottle containing nutrients and hormones the cells need.
  • Once these cells have developed into seedlings, they can be transplanted into the soil.

Because the starting point is a cell rather than an entire part of the plant, many more clones can be produced from a single plant

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14
Q

What Artificial reproductive technology?

A

refers to any artificial method of joining a male and female gamete.

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15
Q

What is artificial insemination?

A

In artificial insemination, sperm are harvested from a bull with desired characteristics and are inserted into many female cows.

-In artificial insemination, sperm from just a few animals
are used to impregnate many females.

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16
Q

What is the advantage of artificial insemination?

A

is that the bull’s sperm can be in several places at

once and more cows can be inseminated

17
Q

What is vitro fertilization?

A
  • Another reproductive technology is in vitro fertilization
  • In this technology, sperm from a prize bull and eggs from a prize cow are harvested from the animals
  • In a laboratory, the eggs and sperm are placed in a Petri dish, and the eggs are fertilized.
  • This produces many more embryos than could be produced naturally.
  • Each embryo is implanted into a different cow.
  • These cows will eventually give birth to many calves, all of which will be brothers and sisters.
18
Q

What is the advantage of vitro fertilization?

A

-Scientists can also determine the sex of the embryos before they are implanted into a cow to develop

-By choosing only female embryos, dairy farmers can therefore be guaranteed that all their calves will be
female, rather than having to use their resources to raise unneeded males.

19
Q

what is Genetic engineering?

A

refers to any technology that directly alters the
DNA of an organism

-every new advance increases our ability to control the
characteristics of organisms.

20
Q

What are the genetic engineering techniques?

A

-genetic engineering techniques involve inserting a
gene from one species into another species.
-Ex. Bacteria are genetically engineered to produce life-saving medicines such as insulin
-Scientists have isolated the gene that contains the instructions for making Bt toxin and have inserted it into the DNA of plants.

21
Q

How do artificial technologies risk animals?

A

-Artificial reproductive technologies can reduce the genetic variation in breeding lines of livestock.

22
Q

Why are some animals cloned?

A

-the rhesus monkey ANDi have been genetically altered as part of research programs into human diseases
-cattle, are being cloned as potential largescale producers of meat and milk
- Herds of such genetically identical individuals may be far more susceptible to disease than more genetically
variable herds.

23
Q

What is the drawback for animal cloning?

A

-unsuccessful pregnancies, birth defects, and deaths among clones.

-Some researchers speculate that something about the process of removing the nucleus from the donor egg
may be responsible

24
Q

What is the problem with genetically engineering plants to be herbicide resistant?

A
  • Many crop plants can still cross with their wild weed relatives.
  • There have been reported cases of genetically engineered canola interbreeding with weeds, and the weeds’ offspring have become resistant to herbicide.