Unit 9 T Flashcards
1. Sue completed an indirect assessment and a series of observations on Tony’s “threatening peers at school” behavior. She collected narrative recording, ABC data, and scatterplots, and developed a working hypothesis about the function of Tony’s threats. She then began another set of assessment procedures, which included systematically manipulating antecedents and consequences in a controlled setting to experimentally evaluate Tony’s behavior and its relationship with the environment. This latter set of assessment procedures, which included systematic manipulations of the environment, are otherwise known as a: A) Functional analysis B) Structured assessment C) Functional assessment D) Descriptive assessment
Functional analysis
Which of these statements is true? Functional…
A) assessment is completely distinct from functional analysis
B) assessment is a part of the functional analysis process
C) analysis is a part of the functional assessment process
D) analysis and functional assessment refer to the same thing
C) analysis is a part of the functional assessment process
- Prior to the advent of functional assessment, most behavior interventions were
X = focused on the topography and severity of the target behavior rather than the function
Y = biased towards punishment for behavior reduction
Z = focused on development of replacement behavior
A) X and Y only
B) X only
C) Y and Z only
D) X, Y, and Z
X and y only
4. The term “functional relation” was introduced by A) Carr and Durand B) Brian Iwata C) B.F. Skinner D) Baer, Wolf and Risle
Skinner
- A functional relation…
A) exists when a change in an environmental event produces an orderly and predictable change in behavior
B) is found in the relationship between behavior and the environment, either one affecting the other in some way
C) exists when a change in the behavior systematically produces a predictable change in the environment
D) is any systematic relationship between events, whether they are stimuli, responses, or other conditions.
A) exists when a change in an environmental event produces an orderly and predictable change in behavior
The purpose of a functional analysis is to
X = identify the maintaining variables for a behavior
Y = identify the conditions under which the behavior is unlikely to occur
Z = designate the most appropriate treatment option
A) X, Y and Z
B) X and Y only
C) X only
D) Z only
B) X and Y only
7
Early studies in functional analysis, where control and test conditions were systematically manipulated and behavior repeatedly measured to identify the maintaining variables, tended to focus on:
A) Antecedent manipulations but not consequences
B) Automatic reinforcement only
C) Single contingent relationships in each study
D) Punishment procedures only
C) Single contingent relationships in each study
Early studies tended to focus on single contingent relationships, such as the effect on SIB of (suspected) positive reinforcement in the form of sympathetic statements (Lovaas). Punishment procedures were not the focus of these analyses, and neither were antecedent manipulations. Automatic reinforcement was addressed in some studies, but it was certainly not the primary focus of most studies. Single contingent relationships, whether for socially mediated positive or negative reinforcement, or automatic reinforcement, were the foci of various studies.
8
Each of the following is a basic feature of every functional analysis conducted with experimental rigor except:
A) Repeated measurement of behavior during both test and control conditions
B) Direct observation of the behavior
C) Use of continuous, direct measurements of a dimensional quantity of behavior
D) Manipulation of suspected controlling variables
C) Use of continuous, direct measurements of a dimensional quantity of behavior
9
In the Iwata model, which of the following may be present in the control condition, and NOT present in the test condition
X = Likely EOs
Y = Specific sources of reinforcement
A) Neither X nor Y
B) X only
C) Both X and Y
D) Y only
A) Neither X nor Y
The idea behind the control condition is that is does not provide reinforcement of any kind for the target behavior, nor does it set up any kind of establishing operation to increase the effectiveness of any form of reinforcement. Just the opposite is true: the control condition tries to reduce or eliminate establishing operations, and in fact set up abolishing operations by making all the potential reinforcers freely available as antecedent stimuli, thereby reducing their motivational effect as potential reinforcers, and otherwise reducing demand and enhancing environmental stimulation—thus short-circuiting the potential value of escape and automatic sensory stimulation.
10
Which of the following stimuli could not potentially function as a form of automatic reinforcement
A) An entrance door lock opens when you turn a key in the lock
B) A blizzard wind is blocked by your closing the front door
C) A breath of fresh air hits you right after you open the back door
D) An apartment door is opened by someone right after you knock
D
11
In the functional analysis protocol for a problem behavior maintained by attention, the potential reinforcing consequence is typically…
A) Contingent access to food, toys, or other reinforcers
B) Social disapproval/verbal redirection
C) Removal of demand
D) Praise, and encouragement
B) Social disapproval/verbal redirection
12 Stevie often sang songs at the top of her lungs in inappropriate circumstances. As a result, she was being required to leave various community environments (e.g., stores, restaurants, movie theatres). Mr. Buckingham, her behavior analyst, completed a functional analysis. He believed that these community settings offered activities that Stevie would enjoy, but her behavior was increasing over time and her access to community settings was decreasing. During one of the FA test conditions, he would ask Stevie to do some kind of task, and if (and only if) she engaged in loud vocalizations, he would quietly remove the task and walk away. A little while later, he would re-present the task. This pattern repeated throughout this test condition. Which functional analysis test condition does this describe A) Demand B) Attention C) Compliance D) Not enough information to determine
A) Demand
13
Stevie’s standard functional analysis protocol (demand, attention, alone, control) did not provide any conclusive evidence regarding the function of her singing at the top of her lungs in various public settings. A descriptive assessment indicated that she did not typically exhibit this problem behavior in her supported living apartment, where she quietly lived with a roommate. What would make the most sense for Mr. Buckingham to do next to try to clarify the function?
A) All of these would be equally effective
B) Do a tangible test condition
C) Observe Stevie in the natural environment and look for idiosyncratic variables
D) Do a multiple stimulus with replacement (MSW) preference assessment
C) Observe Stevie in the natural environment and look for idiosyncratic variables
14
The “demand” condition in an FA evaluates whether a target behavior is maintained by:
A) Socially-mediated positive reinforcement
B) Socially-mediated negative reinforcement
C) Automatic reinforcement
D) Any of these contingencies can be related to demand
B) Socially-mediated negative reinforcement
15
Which of the following is the relevant establishing operation for a functional analysis test condition examining potential automatic reinforcement?
A) An impoverished environment
B) No attention for a period of time
C) Demand-free availability of edibles, activities, and social interaction
D) Presentation of a task to complete
A) An impoverished environment
16
Automatic reinforcement cannot be tested directly because…
A) social consequences are difficult to control
B) social consequences do not reinforce behavior
C) non-social consequences do not reinforce behavior
D) non-social consequences are difficult to control
D
17 All of the following names are used for the non-test condition in a functional analysis except: A) Alone B) Control C) Play D) NCR
Alone
18 Escape can be identified as a reinforcer for a target behavior when responding is differentially high in the \_\_\_: A) Demand condition B) Alone condition C) Play condition D) Attention condition
Demand
19
During a functional analysis, which of the following contingencies is not directly tested via systematic manipulation?
A) Automatic reinforcement
B) Socially-mediated negative reinforcement
C) Socially-mediated positive reinforcement
D) All of these contingencies are tested directly
A
20
Budget cutbacks require all behavior service plans to be streamlined to remove “less effective” treatment components. The funding source has determined that trimming down to minimal, but still effective programs will significantly reduce staff resource requirements (fewer program procedures require fewer staff minutes per day). Individual service plan outcomes must not change under this new plan. Which type of analysis is most likely to identify program procedures, which may be removed from the overall treatment package without compromising its effectiveness?
A) Structural analysis
B) A multiple baseline design
C) Parametric analysis
D) Component analysis
Structural analysis
21
Which of the following is not a way to manage risks during a functional analysis outside the hospital setting?
A) Block SIB and aggression directed to vulnerable organs
B) Interview caregivers to obtain information about the severity of behavior
C) Use padded treatment room or padded helmet for head banging
D) Use a multiple-baseline design to intervene on the worst behavior first
Use a multiple baseline design to intervene on the worst behavior first
22
Undifferentiated high levels of behavior across test conditions, while the level of behavior during control remains low, most likely indicates:
A) Different topographies having the same function
B) Intrinsic motivation
C) Behavior is undetermined
D) Multiple control
? Multiple Control
The tangible condition in a functional analysis evaluates whether a target behavior is maintained by:
A) Automatic reinforcement
B) Any of these contingencies
C) Socially-mediated positive reinforcement
D) Socially-mediated negative reinforcement
Socially mediated positive reinforcement
The functional analysis as described by Durand and Carr (1992) differs from that described by Iwata et al (1982) in that Durand and Carr manipulate _________________ for each condition:
A) Only antecedents, especially establishing operations
B) Only consequences
C) Both antecedents and consequences
D) Only precursors but not consequences
Antecedents only
