7-overview of behavioral assessment, indirect assessment, and preference and reinforcer assessments Flashcards
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Need different assessment methods for different stages of behavioral assessment.
We do not only rely on observation and measurement. We have other procedures and we select our procedures depending on what stage you are in the assessment process.
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Behavioral Assessment Quasi-Funnel
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Looking at many variables
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Broad Band
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Narrow into specific target behaviors
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Narrow Band
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Broadband
In between
Narrow band
In between
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Scope:
behavioral assessment quasi-funnel
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How reliable assessment procedures are
How valid
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Fidelity, behavioral assessment a quasi-funnel
Low fidelity
Mid Fidelity
Hi Fidelity
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Typically paper and pencil questionnaires and interviews
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Low Fi (fidelity) Broad band
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Direct Observation and measurement, and systematic manipulations
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Hi Fidelity
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Between low and high fidelity
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Mid fidelity
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Asking child to turn off the video game
Telling child to come in doors etc.
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Examples of events that predict occurrence of behavior was
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Q
Which preference procedure is prone to false positive’s
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Single stimulus a.k.a. SS
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Greater differentiation approach
This is actually a guaranteed outcome due to the design of the procedure
Each trial equals pick one, don’t pick one
Calculate percent of approach
Number of times item is selected/number of times item is presented
On each trial, one item is not selected there by ensuring that some items will have a higher percentage approach than others
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Paired stimulus preference procedure, Fisher Study 1: preference assessment
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Some subjects showed uniformly high approach. Likely some false positives
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Single subject preference assessment. Fisher et al study one
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Single operant assessment
Concurrent operant assessment
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Types of reinforcement assessment
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- Single-stimulus (successive choice).
- Paired-stimulus (forced choice).
- Multiple Stimulus
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Types of Trial-based Assessments
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Stimuli are preented in a series of trials and responses to the stimul are recorded as an index of preference.
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Trial-based stimulus preference assessments
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Present two stimuli together and record which was chosen. Each stimulus is matched randomly with all other stimuli in the set. Record how many times each stimulus was chosen and rank order them.
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Paired-stimuli preference assessment
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Expose learner to predetermined activities, then provide free access to all activities
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Contrived Free-operant Observation
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Single programmed stimulus is available at any given time for a single response. The response rate for that stimulus are compared to baseline
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Single Operant Reinforcer assessment
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Assesses the relative effectiveness of a stimulus as reinforcement as response requirements increase.
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Progressive-ratio Reinforcer Assessment
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Typically done following a preference assessment
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Reinforcer assessment
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Index of preference
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Approach versus engagement
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Allows examination of relative Sr effects
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Concurrent Operant reinforcer assessment
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Q
systematic gathering of information in order to make a database decision regarding behavior and the environment
Figure out what the clients problem is and how to change it for the better (Linehan, 1977)
Includes a range of methods including interviews, checklist, observations, and a systematic manipulations
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Behavioral assessment
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Focus on observable and measurable behavior
Behavior is in itself important – not just a symptom of an underlying disorder
Ecological perspective
Behavior is situation specific and intrinsically variable
Assessment is on going – not just pre-and or post treatment
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Characteristics of behavioral assessment
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Record review, interview, paper and pencil questionnaires. May be done in an office
Indirect Assessment methods
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Narrative recording, ABC data collection, measuring dimensional and dimensionless quantities of behavior, scatterplots, observation of permanent programs are
Direct assessment methods
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Identify, define, and describe the behaviors, potential ecologically events, events that predict occurrence of behaviors, potential function of behaviors
Identify define and describe, efficiency of behaviors, functionally equivalent alternative behaviors, communication methods, potential reinforcers, history of target behavior and treatments
Functional assessment interview goals
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Review notes/recordings
Summarize the findings:
Describe behavior, identify environmental factors, identify potential functions, identify functionally equivalent of behavior
Decide whether to continue behavioral assessment. If you just use methods and continue. If no right report and discuss
After an INTERVIEW
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Durands Motivational assessment scale MAS
Iwatas Functional assessment screening tool FAST
Self injury trauma SIT scale
Paper and pencil functional assessment forms
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Reinforcement Sr, Is essential for acquisition
Individuals with DD may not respond to conditioned reinforcement such as praise
Reinforcers are idiosyncratic
Two-step process of reinforcer identification
Preference assessment, reinforcer assessment
Reinforcer identification
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Methods for identifying individuals preference for tangible items or activities
Preference assessment PA
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Indirect, informant best
Naturalistic, direct observation
Reinforcer sampling (empirical )
Three general ways to conduct preference assessment
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Interview a questionnaire. Asked the client or caregiver what the client prefers
Advantage, simplicity and efficiency
Disadvantage, subjective, unreliable
Indirect, informative based preference assessment
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RAISD -Reinforcer assessment for individuals with severe disabilities. Interview tool to help caregivers generate a list of potential preferred stimuli to be tested be a preference assessment. Survey has categories of stimuli, caregiver indicates whether client likes or dislikes certain stimuli, rank stimuli at the end
Example of indirect informant-based PA
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Observation of daily activities, preferences. Allow client to have free time in their natural environment. Determine high probability responses. Relies on Premack Pprinciple
Advantage: objective
Disadvantage: time-consuming, limited access to stimuli
Naturalistic direct observation PA
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Systematic preference assessment
Includes a number of procedural variations
Advantage: objective, accommodates a wide range of stimuli, including brand new stimuli
Disadvantages: time-consuming
Reinforcer sampling empirical,
Preference assessment
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Step 1. Information about preferred stimuli. Predictions about reinforcers
Step 2. Will the preferred item function as a reinforcer?
If I give them beat contingent on some behavior with that behavior increase?
Preference assessment
Reinforcer assessment
SHOULD BE USED TOGETHER as a two step process
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Typically conducted following a preference assessment.
Purpose is to determine if the stimulus is a reinforcer.
Does behavior increases when the stimulus is delivered contingent on the behavior?
Reinforcer assessments
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1. Single operant
| 2. Concurrent operant
Two types of reinforcer assessments
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One task is available during all phases.
During baseline A, no programmed consequence for task completion.
During reinforcement phase B, contingent on task completion, typically on an FR1, stimulus is delivered
Typically conducted using a reversal design ABAB
Increase in responding from baseline to reinforce that face, stimulus equals reinforcer
Single Operant Reinforcer assessment
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Two identical tasks are available
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Completion of task one =stimulus A
Completion of task to equal stimulus B
Allows examination of relative reinforcer effects
Purpose: evaluate the relative strength of two or more reinforcers.
How much work will they do for either item compared to what they did and baseline? Which one will that used to work for more?
Concurrent operant Reinforcer assessment
concurrent-operant arrangement. Reinforcer assessment in which a concurrent. schedule is used to compare the relative strength of. two or more reinforcers.
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Stimulus classes such as food, leisure, mixed
Session format, discrete trial versus free operant.
Stimulus presentation, single, paired, multiple
Index of preference, approach selection versus engagement
These variations can be used to create different types of assessments,
Reinforcer sampling: preference assessment variations
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Prior to study, reinforcers were selected based on a preference assessment alone or arbitrarily.
PURPOSE; to demonstrate TWO-STAGE methods for identifying reinforces:
1. Assessment of stimulus preference
2. EVALUATION of reinforcement effects, (Sr assessment)
Pace, Ivancic, Edwards et al
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Place one stimulus in front of subject. Subject approaches within five seconds for a plus. If they do not approach within five seconds, remove the stimulus, product sampling, repeat trial
RESULTS; idiosyncratic preferences. Identified at least one stimulus that was preferred ( greater than 80% approach
And one that was not preferred less than 20% approached
Single Stimulus Preference assessment Study 1,
Pace et al
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Response measurement: each subject taught to do a different simple response such as rich, look, raise hand, etc.
10 TRIAL/sessions, verbal prompt each trial
Compliance - they had five seconds access to HIGH Preference stimulus (greater than or equal to 80% approach from study 1)
5 second access to LOW Preference stimulus
Reversal design
Results: access to the preferred stimulus produces more compliance then access to the non-preferred stimulus. With one exception
Advantages: empirical assessment of preference and reinforcement effects , simplicity, can accommodate a wide range of stimuli.
Possible limitation: undifferentiated approach, would be better to get a hierarchy of preference
Pace Study 2 Reinforcer assessment
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Study one was a preference assessment. Study 2 was a reinforcer assessment
Who?
Pace et al. 1985
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Advantages: empirical assessment of preference and reinforcement effects Simplicity, can accommodate a wide range of stimuli
Imitations: undifferentiated approach. Would be better to get a hierarchy of preference
Pace et al Study 2: reinforcer assessment
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Response rate and baseline, no programmed consequences for task completion
Response rate with stimulus delivery, typically on an FR 1 schedule.
Uses either a reversal, most common, or multielement design
Note: what Pace did was a little different – they used trials, so it’s yes – no in their study instead of rate
Single Operant Reinforcer Assessments
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This preference procedure may be prone to false positive’s
Single stimulus preference assessment
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This method may yield more differentiated outcomes i.e., may produce a hierarchy instead of uniform approach
Paired stimulus preference assessment
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Purpose of this study: to compare single stimulus and paired stimulus preference assessment – procedures
Single stimulus method may be prone to false positives
Paired stimulus method may yield more differentiated outcomes i.e., may produce a hierarchy instead of uniform approach
Fisher Study 1
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Each stimulus paired with every other stimulus. On any given trial, choose between two stimuli
Select one get five second access and remove unselected stimulus.
If there is no response, prompt to sample both stimulus and re-present.
Paired stimulus preference assessment procedure. (Fisher)
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Results: single subject: some subjects showed uniformly hi approach likely some false positives.
Paired stimulus: Greater differentiation in approach
( each child pick one, don’t pick one)
Fisher, study one: preference assessment
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Stand in square one, get high -high item.
High- high equals greater than 80% in SS and PS.
Stand in square two – get high SS item. Hi SS equals greater than 80% in single stimulus, less than 60% in paired stimulus
Results: more in seat /In square for high – high stimuli.
Conclusion: single stimulus method produces false positive
We don’t know whether the high Single stimulus item would be a reinforcer if it was presented alone.
In this study, the high SS was presented with the high high stimulus and the subjects allocated responding towards the high high stimulus
What if high single stimulus was the only option? Would someone work for it
Fisher, study to: reinforcer assessment
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We have specialized assessments for different problems with behavior
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Skill deficits: skill assessments e.g.
Assessments based on
task analysis
Of elementary verbal operant
Social skills
Vocational skills assessment, etc.
Problems with performance
Problems with generality, etc.
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Types of problems and assessments.
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One common type of behavioral assessment used for behavior excesses
Functional assessment.
We will cover assessments for problems with performance, generality etc. later
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1. Determine if a problem with behavior exist
describe behavior and the environment
Determine functional relations between behavior and the environment
Provide information needed to develop behavior plans: Where, how, and with whom to intervene
Monica program implementation
Evaluate treatment effectiveness
Evaluate maintenance and generalization
Behavioral assessment purposes
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Preliminary indirect assessment
Direct descriptive assessment
Functional analysis, (systematic manipulations)
Components of a functional assessment
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Indirect, the tell me methods used:
Direct: the show me methods, if direct methods are not utilize then one is not doing a
Preliminary stages of assessment
Behavioral assessment
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Sina que non .. without which it could not be
And assessment is not a behavioral assessment and less behavior is directly observed and measured
Direct assessment
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Consist of asking questions to ask within pre-selected topics. Several standard out interviews may be found,
Kanfer and Saslow
O’Neill
Etc
Behavioral interviews
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Select instrument, decide who to interview, decide where and when… Make an appointment
Prior to interview
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Build a rapport, and formally observed: behavior, environment, appearance of persons
Beginning of interview
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Ask open ended questions. Ask follow-up questions. Acknowledge responses. Write notes or use recorder
During an interview
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Identify, Define, and describe: the behaviors, potential ecological events, events that predict occurrence of behaviors, potential functions of behavior s
Identify define and describe: efficiency of behaviors, functionally equivalent alternative behaviors, communication methods, potential reinforcers, history of target behavior and treatment
Functional Assessment interview goals
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Review notes/recordings, summarize the findings: describe behavior, identify environmental factors, identify potential functions, identify functionally equivalent behavior,
Decide whether to continue behavioral assessment. If you just use methods and continue. If no right report and discuss
After an interview
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Systematic gathering of information used for
Guarding decisions about behavior and the environment. May include a range of methodology
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Broader equals more variables and response classes
Scope
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Higher equals more reliable/valid data produced
Fidelity
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What does the term high for Della do you mean in Hawkins quasi-final analysis of behavior assessment
Most accurate representation of a target behavior
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Record review, interview, paper and pencil questionnaires. These may be done in an office
Indirect assessment methods
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Narrative recording, ABC data collection, measuring dimensional and dimension less quantities of behavior, scatterplots, observation of permanent products
Direct assessment methods
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Identify, define, and describe:
The behaviors
Potential ecological events
Events that predict occurrence of behaviors
Potential function of behaviors
Efficiency of behaviors
Functionally equivalent alternative behaviors
Communication methods
Potential reinforcers
History of target behavior and treatment
Functional assessment interview goals
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Preliminary indirect assessment
Direct descriptive assessment
Functional analysis (systematic manipulations)
Components of a functional analysis
