Unit 5 ASR Flashcards
The following is a definition of internal validity: “The extent to which the results of an experiment can be generalized or extended beyond at the condition of the experiment.”
False
It refers to external validity as opposed to internal validity.
Which of the following is not a threat to internal validity?
Immediate effects of the independent variable
Which of the following is true regarding internal and asked ternal validity?
Internal validity is regarded as a priority over external validity
The following is a simple definition of internal validity , T/F. The extent to which an experiment rules out alternative explanations of the results.
True
Attrition refers to which of the following?
Loss of subjects overtime
And experiment is conducted to test the effects of a drug on problem behavior . During the experiment, another drug is administered and a decrease in problem behavior is observed. The study is lacking which of the following?
Internal validity
A treatment is implemented to reduce anxiety. Results suggest a decrease in anxiety in the clinic, but levels of anxiety are unchanged at school. Given this information, this treatment lacks which of the following?
External validity
Changes may be produced by natural developmental events that coincide with the introduction of the independent variable. Which threat to internal validity does this describe?
Maturation
Which of the following is not likely to mitigate threats to internal validity?
Inducing unstable responding before the introduction of the IV
Don is a used car salesman. And incentive plan is introduced to increase the number of sales that Don makes. At the start of the intervention, Don inherits $250,000. Don does not increase his sales and the plan is judged a failure. Which threat to internal validity does this describe?
History
Jenny the therapist was told not to give Tim any attention before the treatment was introduced but she often had to take away the dangerous objects Tim liked to handle. This best represents what sort of threat to validity?
Diffusion of treatment
Researchers were Scoring Jimmy’s correctly read words per week. Shortly after treatment, Jimmy’s eyesight got much worse. . Correctly read words did not improve end of the treatment was deemed a failure. What sort of threat seems to be involved.?
Maturation
Jim’s teacher is using reinforcement to speed up his reading. In doing so, she asked Jim to read the same passage over and over. When reinforcement is introduced, there is no effect. What sort of threat to seems most applicable see
Testing
Single case design use what is known as……. logic to examine the effects of……..Variables on behavior.
Baseline, independent
Single case and group designs are used to achieve very different objectives. True or false
False
In behavior analysis, different sets of procedures are used to examine intervention effects depending on whether one is working in a clinical setting or one is conducting research. True or false
False
Group designs are sometimes also known as
Between subject designs
Which type of experimental design usually relies on statistical inference to determine IV effects?
Group design
Which type of design is usually being employed if each individual is exposed to each level of treatment E. G., Both baseline and treatment? What now
Single case design
During a single case design, changes in the..… Variable I made once the… Variable is…
Independent, dependent, stable
Unlike traditional single case designs, group designs allow for examination of inter-subject variability . True or false
False
Which design lends itself better to exploration of idiosyncratic effects?
Single case design
Assessment of the dependent variable prior to the introduction or change of the independent variable.
Does not necessarily imply the absence of treatment
Baseline logic: BL definition
Provides information about the existing extent of the problem.
Serves as an indication of whether the intervention is necessary
Functions of baseline data
Usually represents the values of the dependent variable such as response per unit time
Vertical axis, Y axis, ordinate
Usually represents passage of time and value of the independent variable.; Sessions, days, etc.
Horizontal axis, X axis, abscissa
Predicts the future level of the target behavior in the absence of the IV or if the IV has no effect
Serves as a criterion to evaluate whether the intervention produces change
Functions of baseline data: predictive
Sometimes observing provides insight into relevant environmental events that can promote treatment development
Eg conducted across the day, but you notice problem behavior is more likely during morning rather than afternoon sessions.
Baseline function: insight
Other purposes/benefits of baseline data
Used for target outcomes e.g., reduction or increase relative to baseline.
Sometimes shows that intervention is not needed or maybe unlikely to produce gains
Baseline function: setting targets
the longer the baseline the greater the
Predictive power
As long as necessary, as short as possible
Generally, length should be dictated by qualitative features of the data path… Phase change logic
How long, how much baseline?
Used for setting target outcomes, e.g., reduction or increase relative to baseline
Sometimes shows that intervention is not needed or maybe unlikely to produce gains that’s a good treatment
Baseline function:
Movement in the analysis from one level or kind of independent variable to the next level or kind of independent variable.
Phase changes move the analysis towards an AB
Design
Baseline logic: phase changes
Baseline face followed by a treatment face
Affect is demonstrated when behavior changes from one face to the next
AB Design
By it’s self, supports only week conclusions.
Changes in behavior may be the result of extraneous variables.
Recommend only one other, more compelling designs are untenable
However, this design arrangements form the basis of all, single case designs
A- B design: limitations
Ideally these are made when behavior reaches a steady state, defined by:
Lover – behavior is high or low enough that you will be able to detect a change if one occurrence.
Stability – levels of behavior do not vary greatly from one measurement to the next
Trend – the behavior is not already changing in the direction predicted for treatment
Phase change logic)
Levels of behavior that vary greatly from one measurement. To the next are said to be
Unstable
Switching from a treatment phase back to baseline is an example of
Phase change
During a reversal design the independent variable is introduced following baseline and then is later withdrawn true or false
True
When is the probably inappropriate to conduct a reversal design
When the behavior change involves skills acquisition
Which of the following is not a problem arising from prolonged baselines
Less opportunity for learning to take place
A multiple baseline should be avoided with behaviors that are being evaluated can very independently. True or false
False
Which variation of the multiple baseline design provides greater flexibility by not requiring all subject to be present at the same time?
A. Multiple baseline across settings
B. Nonconcurrent multiple baseline
C. Multiple probe technique
B
