Unit 5 ASR

Question 1

The following is a definition of internal validity: “The extent to which the results of an experiment can be generalized or extended beyond at the condition of the experiment.”

Answer 1

False

It refers to external validity as opposed to internal validity.

Question 2

Which of the following is not a threat to internal validity?

Answer 2

Immediate effects of the independent variable

Question 3

Which of the following is true regarding internal and asked ternal validity?

Answer 3

Internal validity is regarded as a priority over external validity

Question 4

The following is a simple definition of internal validity , T/F. The extent to which an experiment rules out alternative explanations of the results.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

Attrition refers to which of the following?

Answer 5

Loss of subjects overtime

Question 6

And experiment is conducted to test the effects of a drug on problem behavior . During the experiment, another drug is administered and a decrease in problem behavior is observed. The study is lacking which of the following?

Answer 6

Internal validity

Question 7

A treatment is implemented to reduce anxiety. Results suggest a decrease in anxiety in the clinic, but levels of anxiety are unchanged at school. Given this information, this treatment lacks which of the following?

Answer 7

External validity

Question 8

Changes may be produced by natural developmental events that coincide with the introduction of the independent variable. Which threat to internal validity does this describe?

Answer 8

Maturation

Question 9

Which of the following is not likely to mitigate threats to internal validity?

Answer 9

Inducing unstable responding before the introduction of the IV

Question 10

Don is a used car salesman. And incentive plan is introduced to increase the number of sales that Don makes. At the start of the intervention, Don inherits $250,000. Don does not increase his sales and the plan is judged a failure. Which threat to internal validity does this describe?

Answer 10

History

Question 11

Jenny the therapist was told not to give Tim any attention before the treatment was introduced but she often had to take away the dangerous objects Tim liked to handle. This best represents what sort of threat to validity?

Answer 11

Diffusion of treatment

Question 12

Researchers were Scoring Jimmy’s correctly read words per week. Shortly after treatment, Jimmy’s eyesight got much worse. . Correctly read words did not improve end of the treatment was deemed a failure. What sort of threat seems to be involved.?

Answer 12

Maturation

Question 13

Jim’s teacher is using reinforcement to speed up his reading. In doing so, she asked Jim to read the same passage over and over. When reinforcement is introduced, there is no effect. What sort of threat to seems most applicable see

Answer 13

Testing

Question 14

Single case design use what is known as……. logic to examine the effects of……..Variables on behavior.

Answer 14

Baseline, independent

Question 15

Single case and group designs are used to achieve very different objectives. True or false

Answer 15

False

Question 16

In behavior analysis, different sets of procedures are used to examine intervention effects depending on whether one is working in a clinical setting or one is conducting research. True or false

Answer 16

False

Question 17

Group designs are sometimes also known as

Answer 17

Between subject designs

Question 18

Which type of experimental design usually relies on statistical inference to determine IV effects?

Answer 18

Group design

Question 19

Which type of design is usually being employed if each individual is exposed to each level of treatment E. G., Both baseline and treatment? What now

Answer 19

Single case design

Question 20

During a single case design, changes in the..… Variable I made once the… Variable is…

Answer 20

Independent, dependent, stable

Question 21

Unlike traditional single case designs, group designs allow for examination of inter-subject variability . True or false

Answer 21

False

Question 22

Which design lends itself better to exploration of idiosyncratic effects?

Answer 22

Single case design

Question 23

Assessment of the dependent variable prior to the introduction or change of the independent variable.

Does not necessarily imply the absence of treatment

Answer 23

Baseline logic: BL definition

Question 24

Provides information about the existing extent of the problem.

Serves as an indication of whether the intervention is necessary

Answer 24

Functions of baseline data

Question 25

Usually represents the values of the dependent variable such as response per unit time

Answer 25

Vertical axis, Y axis, ordinate

Question 26

Usually represents passage of time and value of the independent variable.; Sessions, days, etc.

Answer 26

Horizontal axis, X axis, abscissa

Question 27

Predicts the future level of the target behavior in the absence of the IV or if the IV has no effect

Serves as a criterion to evaluate whether the intervention produces change

Answer 27

Functions of baseline data: predictive

Question 28

Sometimes observing provides insight into relevant environmental events that can promote treatment development
Eg conducted across the day, but you notice problem behavior is more likely during morning rather than afternoon sessions.

Answer 28

Baseline function: insight

Other purposes/benefits of baseline data

Question 29

Used for target outcomes e.g., reduction or increase relative to baseline.

Sometimes shows that intervention is not needed or maybe unlikely to produce gains

Answer 29

Baseline function: setting targets

Question 30

the longer the baseline the greater the

Answer 30

Predictive power

Question 31

As long as necessary, as short as possible

Generally, length should be dictated by qualitative features of the data path… Phase change logic

Answer 31

How long, how much baseline?

Question 32

Used for setting target outcomes, e.g., reduction or increase relative to baseline

Sometimes shows that intervention is not needed or maybe unlikely to produce gains that’s a good treatment

Answer 32

Baseline function:

Question 33

Movement in the analysis from one level or kind of independent variable to the next level or kind of independent variable.

Phase changes move the analysis towards an AB
Design

Answer 33

Baseline logic: phase changes

Question 34

Baseline face followed by a treatment face

Affect is demonstrated when behavior changes from one face to the next

Answer 34

AB Design

Question 35

By it’s self, supports only week conclusions.

Changes in behavior may be the result of extraneous variables.

Recommend only one other, more compelling designs are untenable

However, this design arrangements form the basis of all, single case designs

Answer 35

A- B design: limitations

Question 36

Ideally these are made when behavior reaches a steady state, defined by:

Lover – behavior is high or low enough that you will be able to detect a change if one occurrence.

Stability – levels of behavior do not vary greatly from one measurement to the next

Trend – the behavior is not already changing in the direction predicted for treatment

Answer 36

Phase change logic)

Question 37

Levels of behavior that vary greatly from one measurement. To the next are said to be

Answer 37

Unstable

Question 38

Switching from a treatment phase back to baseline is an example of

Answer 38

Phase change

Question 39

During a reversal design the independent variable is introduced following baseline and then is later withdrawn true or false

Answer 39

True

Question 40

When is the probably inappropriate to conduct a reversal design

Answer 40

When the behavior change involves skills acquisition

Question 41

Which of the following is not a problem arising from prolonged baselines

Answer 41

Less opportunity for learning to take place

Question 42

A multiple baseline should be avoided with behaviors that are being evaluated can very independently. True or false

Answer 42

False

Question 43

Which variation of the multiple baseline design provides greater flexibility by not requiring all subject to be present at the same time?

A. Multiple baseline across settings
B. Nonconcurrent multiple baseline
C. Multiple probe technique

Answer 43

B