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Science > Unit 9 Evolution SEE OTHER PART > Flashcards

Unit 9 Evolution SEE OTHER PART Flashcards

1
Q

Theory

A
  • Well supported testable explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world
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2
Q

Darwin

A
  • His observations formulated a theory of how species change over time, called natural selection
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3
Q

Lamarck

A
  • Proposed a flawed theory of the inheritance of acquired traits
  • Believed that animals were always striving towards perfection
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4
Q

Punctuated Equilibrium

A
  • Jay Gould
  • Organisms undergo rapid bursts of speciation followed by long period of time unchanged
    ___
    /
    __/
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5
Q

Graduated Equilibrium (general definition)

A
  • Traditional evolutionary view of gradual and continuous change of populations of organisms
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6
Q 
Graduated Equilibrium (Explanation 1)
Evolutionary Relationships...
A
  1. Evolutionary relationships among living organisms and those that inhabited Earth in the past can be understood through
    - biochemistry
    - developmental stages (cytology, embryology, and anatomy)
    - examining the fossil record.
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7
Q

Developmental stages

A
  • Cytology, embryology, and anatomy
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8
Q 
Graduated Equilibrium (Explanation 2)
Organism similarities...
A
  • Organism similarities (structural and metabolic) are reflected in the similarity in proteins and nucleic acids
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9
Q

Analogous structure

A
  • Different structure, same function
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10
Q

Homologous structure

A
  • Same structure, different function

- Similar characteristics from common ancestry

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11
Q

How do homologous structures develop?

A
  • Homologous structures develop from the same embryo logical tissues and provide strong evidence that all 4 limbed animals w/ backbones have descended from a common ancestor
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12
Q

Vestigial Structure

A
  • Organs so reduced in size that they’re nonfunctional remnants of homologous organs in other species
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13
Q

Relative dating

A
  • The age of the fossil is determined by comparing its placement w/ that of fossils in other layers of rock
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14
Q

Absolute dating

A
  • Some elements in rocks are radioactive; radioactive half- lives determine the age of a sample
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15
Q

Natural Selection

A
  • Process by which organisms w/ traits well suited to an environment survive + reproduce @ a greater rate than those less suited to an environment.
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16
Q

Natural Selection operates in…

A
  • Natural Selection operates in populations over many generations
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17
Q

Adaptation

A
  • Inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survival
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18
Q

Structural Adaptations…

A
  • Structural adaptations may take millions of years to develop depending on the rate of adaptation, the rate of reproduction, and environmental factors
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19
Q

When do adaptations sometimes arise abruptly?

A
  • Adaptations sometimes arise abruptly in response to strong environmental selective pressure.
20
Q

Examples of Adaptation

A
  • Bacteria resists antibiotics
  • Insects resist pesticide
  • Camouflage
  • Mimicry
21
Q

Evolution

A
  • Change IN DNA over time: the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms
22
Q

2 main sources of genetic variation

A
  • Mutations and the genetic shuffling that results from sexual reproduction
23
Q

The change in allele frequency of gene in a given population may lead to…

A

The change in allele frequency of gene in a given population may lead to a new species

24
Q

Speciation

A

Formation of a new species

25
Q

Reproductive Isolation

A
  • 2 populations can’t interbreed and produce fertile offspring
26
Q

Geographic isolation

A
  • 2 populations are separated by geographic barriers such as mountains, rivers, etc.
27
Q

Symbiosis

A
  • Relationship in which 2 species live closely together
28
Q

According to the endosymbiotic theory…

A

According to the endosymbiotic theory, eukaryotic cells formed a symbiosis among several different prokaryotic organisms.

29
Q

Lamarck’s Theory

A
  • Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
  • If an organism changes during life in order to adapt to its environment, those changes are passed on to its offspring.
  • Giraffe’s necks
30
Q

Evolution includes…

A
  • Evolution includes random mutations and nonrandom natural selection
31
Q

___ are selected, BUT ___ evolve

A

Individuals are selected, but populations evolve

32
Q

Evolution 2

A
  • A change in gene frequency caused by mutation + selection
33
Q

Mutations

A
  • Mutations create variation and changes DNA sequence
34
Q

Variation

A
  • Variation is the raw material for natural selection

- Frequency of genes passed on to the next generation changes

35
Q

Bottlenecking cause + effect

A
  • When a large population is drastically reduced by a disaster, not due to fitness
  • It narrows the gene pool
36
Q

Differential survival

A
  • Success traits= adaptations
  • Limited quantities of space and resources lead to a struggle for survival results, and as a result those that are the most fit can only survive
37
Q

Differential reproduction

A
  • Next generation is better than older generation
38
Q

Modern Example

A
  • Insecticide doesn’t kill all bugs- some bugs survive and reproduce- resistance is inherited- more bugs are resistant/insecticide becomes less effective
39
Q

Hidden Variation

A
  • Hidden variation can be exposed through natural selection
40
Q

Analogous structures

A
  • Solving a similar problem w/ a similar solution.

- No evolutionary relationship

41
Q

Difference between homo vs. analog structures

A
  • Homologous: Show evolutionary related-ness

- Analogous: Don’t show any relation

42
Q

Comparative Embryology

A
  • Similar embryological development in closely related species
  • Ex. Chicken vs. Human embryo look similar
43
Q

Molecular Similarities

A
  • Comparing DNA + protein structure
  • Similar DNA, proteins
  • Same genes
44
Q

Fossil Record

A
  • Layers of sedimentary rock contain fossils

- New layers over older ones

45
Q

Divergent evolution

A
  • Common ancestor

- Darwin’s finches

46
Q

Convergent evolution

A
  • Analogous structure
  • Same function, but no common ancestor
  • Butterflies and birds can fly but no relation

Science (13 decks)

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