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Science > Unit 7 > Flashcards

Unit 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Diploid

A
  • A cell with 2 sets of chromosomes

- 1 from male and 1 from female parent

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2
Q

Haploid

A
  • One set

- Containing only 1 set of chromosomes + 1 set of genes.

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3
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

The number of chromosomes coming from the male + female parents = corresponding

AA+ BB + CC + DD

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4
Q

Meiosis

A
  • When 1 cell divides twice > produce 4 haploid sex cells containing 1/2 the original amount of genetic info
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5
Q

Crossing Over

A

During meiosis, crossing over results in the exchange of alleles between homologous chromosomes + produces new allele combos.

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6
Q

Alleles

A

Different forms of a gene

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7
Q

Gamete

A
  • The product of meiosis: 4 haploid sex cells.
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8
Q

Somatic Cell

A
  • Any body cell except for sperm + egg cells.

- Somatic cells are diploid, they contain 2 sets of chromosomes, 1 from each parent.

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9
Q

Polar Bodies

A
  • The other 3 cells produced in the female during meiosis.

- Usually don’t participate in reproduction.

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10
Q

Chromosomes

A
  • Genetic material passed down

- Made of DNA + proteins

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11
Q

Chromatin

A
  • String of DNA + Proteins

- Structure of DNA when the nucleus isn’t dividing.

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12
Q

Sister Chromatids

A
  • 2 identical copies of replicated chromosomes made during DNA replication
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13
Q

Why do cells go through the cell cycle?

A
  • For growth and repair
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14
Q

Cell cycle? How many stages?

A
  • Typical cell process of growth, development, and reproduction
  • 3 stages: Interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis
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15
Q

Interphase

A
  • DNA is replicated during interphase so each cell will have the same info
  • Stage of growth in the cell cycle that’s BETWEEN CELL DIVISION
  • Longest phase
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16
Q

G1 Phase

A
  • Most growth- proteins + organelles duplicated.
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17
Q

S Phase

A
  • Synthesis of DNA: chromosomes replicated
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18
Q

G2 Phase

A
  • Organelles + molecules needed for cell division are produced.
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19
Q

Mitosis? What’s produced?

A
  • Stage in the cycle when the CELL NUCLEUS DIVIDES.

- Produces somatic body cells

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20
Q

4 Stages in MITOSIS

A
  • Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase

PMAT

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21
Q

Prophase (3 things)

A
  • Sister chromatids visible.
  • Centrioles (in animal cells) separate.
  • Nuclear membrane breaks down.
    SCeNe
    SCN
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22
Q

Centrioles

A
  • Produces + Organizes the spindle
  • Helps separate chromosomes
    POH
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23
Q

Spindle

A
  • Fibers of micro tubules that attach to centromeres of chromosomes
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24
Q

Metaphase

A
  • Sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell.

- Spindle fibers attach to centromere.

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25
Q

Anaphase

A
  • Sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes + move apart
26
Q

Telophase

A
  • Chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell, 2 new nuclear envelopes form.
27
Q

Mitosis start + end products

A
  • 1 diploid nucleus that divides into 2 diploid nuclei to product 2 identical body cells.
28
Q

Cytokinesis

A
  • Stage in the cell cycle when the CYTOPLASM DIVIDES.
29
Q

Sister Chromatids

A
  • 2 identical copies of replicated chromosomes made during DNA replication
30
Q

Somatic Cell

A
  • Body cell

- Cells with both sets of chromosomes. Diploid 2N

31
Q

Sperm

A
  • Haploid 1N

- Male sex cell, produced in the testes

32
Q

Egg

A
  • Haploid 1N

- The female sex cell, produced in the ovaries

33
Q

Zygote

A
  • Diploid (2N)

- A fertilized egg, the nuclear union of sperm + egg.

34
Q

Gene Shuffling

A
  • 23 homologous pairs move independently + can arrange in 8.4 mil. combos
  • 23 homologous pairs may experience crossing over to increase variation even more
35
Q

What does Random Fertilization provide?

A
  • Random fertilization provides the opportunity for an increase in chance gene combos.
36
Q

What do cyclins regulate?

A
  • Cyclins regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells.
37
Q

Internal regulators

A
  • Proteins that respond to events inside the cell.

- Allow cell cycle to proceed ONLY when certain processes have happened in the cell

38
Q

External regulators

A
  • Prevent excessive cell growth
  • Stimulate growth + division of cells
  • Direct cells to speed up or slow down the cell cycle
    PSD
39
Q

Cancer cells

A
  • Cancer cells don’t respond to signals that regulate growth of most cells.
  • They divide uncontrollably + form tumors.
40
Q

Describe the structure of prokaryotic (bacterial) DNA

A
  • The DNA of prokaryotes (bacteria) = 1 circular chromosome attached to the inside of the cell membrane w/ flagella.
41
Q

When DNA coils up it forms…

A

When DNA coils up it forms CHROMOSOMES.

42
Q

How do prokaryotes perform cell division?

A
  • Prokaryotes (BACTERIA) divide into 2 identical cells through BINARY FISSION
43
Q

Difference between mitosis + meiosis end products?

A
  • Mitosis: 12-12
    12 DNA molecules + 12 chromosomes for each cell.
  • Meiosis: 12-6
    12 DNA molecules + 6 chromosomes for each cell.
44
Q

of chromosomes you start with, after 1st division, & after 2nd division? (Meiosis)

A
  • Start with 46 double stranded chromosomes
  • After 1st division, 23 double stranded chromosomes.
  • After 2nd division, 23 single stranded chromosomes.
45
Q

Why do polar bodies die?

A

Polar bodies die because of unequal division of cytoplasm.

46
Q

Immature egg =

A

Immature egg = oocyte

47
Q

Where do mitosis + meiosis take place?

A
  • Mitosis: Somatic Cells

- Meiosis: Germ Cells

48
Q

Genes code for

A

Genes code for PROTEINS

49
Q

Why do large cells have trouble with moving molecules in + out?

A
  • Large cells have trouble with moving molecules in + out because CELL VOLUME increases faster than SURFACE AREA.
50
Q

Benign cancer

A
  • Cancer that hasn’t spread to other body tissues.
51
Q

Mitosis vs. Binary Fission

A
  • Mitosis = eukaryotes

- Binary Fission = prokaryotes

52
Q

Repairing severed appendage (starfish or lizard tail)

A

Regeneration

53
Q

Growing new roots for a plant from plant clippings

A

Vegetative propagation

54
Q

New mold growing where spores have fallen, also occurs in ferns

A

Sporulation

55
Q

Only occurs in prokaryotes

A

Binary fission

56
Q

Occurs in yeast and hydra when a tiny bud sprouts from a parent

A

Budding

57
Q

Occurs in single cellars eukaryotes, splitting the nucleus

A

Mitosis

58
Q

Centriole purpose in animal cells ONLY

A

Centrioles help with chromosome movement

59
Q

When does crossing over occur?

A

Prophase

60
Q

When do the cell plate in plants and furrow in animals form?

A

Cytokinesis

Science (13 decks)

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