Unit 6 Flashcards
3 main differences between DNA and RNA
- The sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose.
- RNA is single stranded, DNA is double.
- RNA contains uracil instead of thymine.
Is RNA a disposable copy of a DNA segment?
Yes
One job in which most RNA molecules are involved in?
Protein synthesis, when a cell makes a protein, using instructions in the DNA molecule.
mRNA
Takes the DNA protein code to the ribosome.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Ribosomal RNA + proteins = ribosomes.
Hells form the ribosome structure.
Ribosomal RNA combined with proteins forms ribosomes.
tRNA
Brings each amino acid to the ribosome to help assemble proteins.
Genes
Coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins with the cell.
CDPOP
Transcription
In the nucleus, DNA is copied into mRNA.
RNA Polymerase
RNA Polymerase drives down the DNA and makes mRNA copy behind itself.
Where does RNA editing occur?
Nucleus
How are proteins made?
Proteins are made by joining amino acids into long chains called polypeptides.
1+ polypeptide chains=proteins
Codon
A codon consists of 3 nucleotides on DNA or mRNA that specifies 1 amino acid that’s added to the polypeptide chain.
3 codons= 1 amino acid
Start codon for protein synthesis
The start codon for protein synthesis is AUG.
Stop Codon
There are 3 stop codons that DON’T code for amino acids + signify end of polypeptide chain.
Translation. Where does it take place?
Takes place on the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Amino acids are linked together to form proteins. The amino acid sequence is determined by the mRNA molecule.
mRNA > polypeptide chain/ protein.
MRP
tRNA
3 mRNA letters + 3 complementary tRNA letters = 1 amino acid
- Brings amino acids to the ribosome
Amino acid
Building blocks of protein
Anticodon
An anticodon is 3 bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to 1 mRNA codon
Many proteins are ___, which ___.
Many proteins are enzymes, which catalyze and regulate chemical reactions.
What do proteins build?
Cells (YOUUUUUU)
What makes up the backbone of helix?
Covalently bonded phosphate and sugar molecules.
DNA Polymerase
An enzyme that adds new bases/ nucleotides to other side of DNA. Also proofreads and corrects typos.
What is DNA, and it’s function?
DNA is a double stranded polymer consisting of nucleotides, it’s function is to code for protein synthesis.
Nucleotide
A nucleotide contains 3 parts: a phosphate group, a sugar, and 1 nitrogen base (A,G,C,T,U).
DNA Replication
- Enzymes (helicase) unwind and unzip the double helix.
- Each parent strand (2) is a template for building a new DNA molecule.
- Free nucleotides bond (AT + CG) bond to the template forming a complementary daughter strand.
- Final product of DNA replication is 2 identical DNA molecules.
Locations of DNA and RNA
DNA- Nucleus
RNA- Nucleus and Cytoplasm
Complementary RNA strand rules
T > A
A > U
Point mutations
Changes that occur in 1 or a few nucleotides.
Substitution Mutation
A nucleotide is substituted for another (may or may not change protein).
Insertion / Deletion
A nucleotide is added/ removed from the genetic code.
DNA’s copied during a process called…
DNA’s copied during a process called REPLICATION
Mitochondrion
Concerts chemical energy stored in food into compounds more convenient for cell use
DNA is tightly wrapped around… to make …
DNA’s tightly wrapped around proteins called HISTONES to make CHROMSOMES, not genes.
Nitrogen bases in DNA form ___ w/ each other.
Nitrogen bases in DNA form HYDROGEN BONDS w/ each other.
What types of RNA are in all cells?
- ALL 3
3 things that affect a cell’s size
Diffusion, DNA, and SA to volume ratio
How do cells get bigger?
By making organic compounds like proteins
Another name for protein synthesis
- Translation
