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Science > Unit 6 > Flashcards

Unit 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 main differences between DNA and RNA

A
  1. The sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose.
  2. RNA is single stranded, DNA is double.
  3. RNA contains uracil instead of thymine.
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2
Q

Is RNA a disposable copy of a DNA segment?

A

Yes

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3
Q

One job in which most RNA molecules are involved in?

A

Protein synthesis, when a cell makes a protein, using instructions in the DNA molecule.

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4
Q

mRNA

A

Takes the DNA protein code to the ribosome.

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5
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

Ribosomal RNA + proteins = ribosomes.
Hells form the ribosome structure.

Ribosomal RNA combined with proteins forms ribosomes.

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6
Q

tRNA

A

Brings each amino acid to the ribosome to help assemble proteins.

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7
Q

Genes

A

Coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins with the cell.
CDPOP

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8
Q

Transcription

A

In the nucleus, DNA is copied into mRNA.

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9
Q

RNA Polymerase

A

RNA Polymerase drives down the DNA and makes mRNA copy behind itself.

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10
Q

Where does RNA editing occur?

A

Nucleus

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11
Q

How are proteins made?

A

Proteins are made by joining amino acids into long chains called polypeptides.
1+ polypeptide chains=proteins

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12
Q

Codon

A

A codon consists of 3 nucleotides on DNA or mRNA that specifies 1 amino acid that’s added to the polypeptide chain.

3 codons= 1 amino acid

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13
Q

Start codon for protein synthesis

A

The start codon for protein synthesis is AUG.

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14
Q

Stop Codon

A

There are 3 stop codons that DON’T code for amino acids + signify end of polypeptide chain.

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15
Q

Translation. Where does it take place?

A

Takes place on the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Amino acids are linked together to form proteins. The amino acid sequence is determined by the mRNA molecule.

mRNA > polypeptide chain/ protein.
MRP

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16
Q

tRNA

A

3 mRNA letters + 3 complementary tRNA letters = 1 amino acid

- Brings amino acids to the ribosome

17
Q

Amino acid

A

Building blocks of protein

18
Q

Anticodon

A

An anticodon is 3 bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to 1 mRNA codon

19
Q

Many proteins are ___, which ___.

A

Many proteins are enzymes, which catalyze and regulate chemical reactions.

20
Q

What do proteins build?

A

Cells (YOUUUUUU)

21
Q

What makes up the backbone of helix?

A

Covalently bonded phosphate and sugar molecules.

22
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

An enzyme that adds new bases/ nucleotides to other side of DNA. Also proofreads and corrects typos.

23
Q

What is DNA, and it’s function?

A

DNA is a double stranded polymer consisting of nucleotides, it’s function is to code for protein synthesis.

24
Q

Nucleotide

A

A nucleotide contains 3 parts: a phosphate group, a sugar, and 1 nitrogen base (A,G,C,T,U).

25
Q

DNA Replication

A
  1. Enzymes (helicase) unwind and unzip the double helix.
  2. Each parent strand (2) is a template for building a new DNA molecule.
  3. Free nucleotides bond (AT + CG) bond to the template forming a complementary daughter strand.
  4. Final product of DNA replication is 2 identical DNA molecules.
26
Q

Locations of DNA and RNA

A

DNA- Nucleus

RNA- Nucleus and Cytoplasm

27
Q

Complementary RNA strand rules

A

T > A

A > U

28
Q

Point mutations

A

Changes that occur in 1 or a few nucleotides.

29
Q

Substitution Mutation

A

A nucleotide is substituted for another (may or may not change protein).

30
Q

Insertion / Deletion

A

A nucleotide is added/ removed from the genetic code.

31
Q

DNA’s copied during a process called…

A

DNA’s copied during a process called REPLICATION

32
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Concerts chemical energy stored in food into compounds more convenient for cell use

33
Q

DNA is tightly wrapped around… to make …

A

DNA’s tightly wrapped around proteins called HISTONES to make CHROMSOMES, not genes.

34
Q

Nitrogen bases in DNA form ___ w/ each other.

A

Nitrogen bases in DNA form HYDROGEN BONDS w/ each other.

35
Q

What types of RNA are in all cells?

A
  • ALL 3
36
Q

3 things that affect a cell’s size

A

Diffusion, DNA, and SA to volume ratio

37
Q

How do cells get bigger?

A

By making organic compounds like proteins

38
Q

Another name for protein synthesis

A
  • Translation

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