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Science > Unit 8-A > Flashcards

Unit 8-A Flashcards

1
Q

Gene definition

A

Segments of DNA on a chromosome that code for a trait.

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2
Q

Alleles?

EXAMPLE?

A
  • The different forms of a gene.

- Ex. Green pea pod allele or yellow pea pod allele

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3
Q

The Principle of Dominance

A
  • Some alleles are dominant + others are recessive.
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4
Q

The Principle of Segregation

A
  • Each gamete will only receive 1 copy of a gene in meiosis.
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5
Q

The Principle of Independent Assortment

A
  • Each gene is inherited separately from others if they’re on different chromosomes
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6
Q

Dominant

A
  • An allele (gene) that masks another.

- Predicts inheritance with a capital letter.

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7
Q

Recessive

A
  • An allele (gene) that’s not observed when the dominant gene’s present
  • Predicts inheritance with lowercase letter
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8
Q

What’s each trait determined by?

A
  • Each trait is determined by 2 GENES (1 from EACH PARENT).
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9
Q

Genotype

A
  • The gene combo for a trait

- Ex. RR, Rr, rr

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10
Q

Homozygous genotype (PURE)

A
  • Gene combo involving 2 dominant/ 2 recessive genes. (Gene pair is the same)
  • Ex. RR, rr
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11
Q

Heterozygous genotype (HYBRID)

A
  • Gene combo of 1 dominant + 1 recessive allele. (Gene pair is different)
  • Ex. Rr
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12
Q

Phenotype

A
  • The physical appearance that results from the gene pair.

- Ex. Plant = green/yellow

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13
Q

Punnett Square

A
  • Tool used to calculate genetic outcomes
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14
Q

Monohybrid Cross

A
  • A genetic cross that compares only 1 trait

- Ex. Flower color

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15
Q

Dihybrid Cross

A
  • A genetic cross that compares 2 different traits

- Ex. Flower color + plant height

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16
Q

Test cross

A
  • A genetic cross between an unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive
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17
Q

Gregor Mendel

A
  • An Austrian monk that worked on inheritance using garden peas.
  • Father of Genetics
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18
Q

Mendel said that ____ ____ were inherited as particles. Particles are…

A
  • Physical traits

- Particles are Chromosomes + DNA.

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19
Q

2 forms of alleles

A
  • Dominant and Recessive
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20
Q

2 things that determine an organism’s characteristics?

A

GENES/DNA + ENVIRONMENT determine an organism’s characteristics.

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21
Q

How did Mendel get pure plants?

A
  • He allowed them to self-pollinate for several generations
22
Q

P1

A
  • Parental generation in a breeding experiment.
23
Q

F1 generation

A
  • 1st generation offspring in a breeding experiment
24
Q

F2 generation

A
  • 2nd generation offspring in a breeding experiment
25
Q

Phenotype is based on ___?

A

Phenotype is based on GENOTYPE & ENVIRONMENT

26
Q

Incomplete dominance

A
  • Neither allele is dominant or recessive.
  • The heterozygous phenotype is a blending of traits.
  • Ex. Red + white = pink flowers
27
Q

Codominance

A
  • Both alleles are expressed at the same time.
  • The heterozygous phenotype will show both traits at the same time.
  • Black + white = black + white feathers
28
Q

Multiple Allele traits

A
  • Traits determined by 2+ alleles.
29
Q

Blood type is determined by…

A
  • Blood type is determined by 3 alleles: I^a, I^b, and i.

- Multiple Allele trait

30
Q

Polygenic traits

A
  • Traits determined by 1+ gene.
31
Q

Human skin color

A
  • 4+ genes control this trait.

- Polygenic trait

32
Q

Sex linked traits

A
  • Traits (genes) that are carried on the X or Y sex chromosomes.
  • Ex. Hemophilia + color blindness
33
Q

Dominant disease

A
  • Caused by a dominant allele

- Ex. Huntington’s

34
Q

Recessive disease

A
  • Caused by a recessive allele

- Ex. Cystic Fibrosis

35
Q

How do you find the gametes for a dihybrid cross?

A
  • FOIL
36
Q

Most sex linked traits carried on what chromosome?

A

X chromosomes

37
Q

Germ cell mutation

A
  • Occurs in sex cells and can be passed on to offspring.
38
Q

Somatic cell mutation

A
  • Occurs in body cells and won’t be passed to offspring
39
Q

Antigen

A
  • A cell surface marker protein

- Proteins on the blood

40
Q

Antibody

A
  • A plasma protein that will attack similar antigens
41
Q

Function of the heart

A
  • Squeezes blood throughout the body in a closed loop.
42
Q

Blood A

A
  • A antigens
  • Anti- B antibodies
  • Can receive from A+O
  • Can give to A and AB
43
Q

Blood B

A
  • B antigens
  • Anti-A antibodies
  • Can receive from B+O
  • Can give to AB+B
44
Q

Blood AB

A
  • A+B Antigens
  • No antibodies
  • Can receive from all
  • Can only give to AB
45
Q

Blood O

A
  • No antigens
  • A+B antibodies
  • Can receive from O
  • Can give to all
46
Q

Monohybrid Heterozygote cross ratios

A
  1. Phenotype ratio: 3:1

2. Genotype ratio: 1:2:1

47
Q

Dihybrid Heterozygote cross ratio

A
  1. Phenotype ratio: 9:3:3:1
48
Q

What are mutations caused by?

A
  • Mutations are caused by mutagens like UV light or chemicals
49
Q

Frameshift mutation

A
  • A frame shift mutation occurs if 1+ nucleotides in DNA are added or deleted.
  • This causes the codon sequence to be shifted
50
Q

Female vs. Male Genotypes

A
  • Female: XX

- Male: XY

Science (13 decks)

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