Unit 8-B Flashcards
Sex Chromosomes
- Chromosome pair #23 that determines sex
Sex Chromosomes female vs. male
- XX: Female
- XY: Male
Autosomes
- Chromosome pairs #1-#22 that don't determine sex - Code for physical characteristics
Non-disjunction
- Homologous pairs that fail to separate in MEIOSIS, causing 1 too many/ too few chromosomes.
Where can non-disjunction occur?
- Non-disjunction can occur on autosomes OR sex chromosomes
Difference in shape between XY chromosomes
- X is longer and larger than y.
XXy
Mutation
- A change in the genetic material
Gene mutation
- A change in a single gene
Chromosome mutation
- A change in a whole chromosome
Eugenics
- A science that deals with the improvement (as by control of human mating) of hereditary qualities of a race/ breed.
Germ cell mutation
- Occurs in sex cells and can be passed on to offspring
Somatic cell mutation
- Occurs in body cells and won’t be passed on to offspring
Antigen
- A cell surface marker protein
Antibody
- A plasma protein that will attack similar antigens
Hardy Weinberg equation (definition)
- Allows you to calculate the frequency of genes in a particular population
Hardy Weinberg equation
- p^2+ 2pq + q^2 = 1
Restriction Enzyme
- Molecular scissors used to cut DNA at specific sequences
How are the chromosomes in a karyotype arranged?
- The chromosomes are arranged in homologous pairs from largest to smallest
Pedigree Symbols
⚪️: Female Unaffected
⬛️: Male Affected
Barr body
- Cells adjust to having an extra X chromosome in females by turning 1 off, and it forms a dense region in the nucleus
Trisomy - Down Syndrome
- 3 copies of a chromosome: chromosome 21 for down Syndrome
Polyploid
- When an organism has extra sets of chromosomes
Gene therapy
- Absent/faulty gene replaced by a normal working gene
What do p + q = ?
P: Frequency of dominant allele
Q: Frequency of recessive allele
What do p^2, 2pq, and q^2 = ?
p^2= frequency of AA 2pq= frequency of Aa q^2= frequency of aa
Steps for solving Hardy Weinberg Equation
- Find q^2
- Find q
- Find p
- Find 2pq
What 5 things does the Hardy Weinberg Principle assume?
- Large population
- Randomly mated population
- No emigration (leaving)
- No immigration (coming)
- No natural selection (mutations, natural disaster)
A karyotype detects a ___ mutation caused by ___.
- A karyotype detects a chromosomal mutation caused by nondisjunction.
Turner’s Syndrome is ___ of the ___ chromosomes; caused by ___ + ____
Turner’s syndrome is monosomy of the 23rd chromosome, caused by nondisjunction and a missing/ incomplete X chromosome.
