Unit 8-B

Question 1

Sex Chromosomes

Answer 1

• Chromosome pair #23 that determines sex

Question 2

Sex Chromosomes female vs. male

Answer 2

• XX: Female

- XY: Male

Question 3

Autosomes

Answer 3

- Chromosome pairs 
#1-#22 that don't determine sex 
- Code for physical characteristics

Question 4

Non-disjunction

Answer 4

• Homologous pairs that fail to separate in MEIOSIS, causing 1 too many/ too few chromosomes.

Question 5

Where can non-disjunction occur?

Answer 5

• Non-disjunction can occur on autosomes OR sex chromosomes

Question 6

Difference in shape between XY chromosomes

Answer 6

• X is longer and larger than y.

XXy

Question 7

Mutation

Answer 7

• A change in the genetic material

Question 8

Gene mutation

Answer 8

• A change in a single gene

Question 9

Chromosome mutation

Answer 9

• A change in a whole chromosome

Question 10

Eugenics

Answer 10

• A science that deals with the improvement (as by control of human mating) of hereditary qualities of a race/ breed.

Question 11

Germ cell mutation

Answer 11

• Occurs in sex cells and can be passed on to offspring

Question 12

Somatic cell mutation

Answer 12

• Occurs in body cells and won’t be passed on to offspring

Question 13

Antigen

Answer 13

• A cell surface marker protein

Question 14

Antibody

Answer 14

• A plasma protein that will attack similar antigens

Question 15

Hardy Weinberg equation (definition)

Answer 15

• Allows you to calculate the frequency of genes in a particular population

Question 16

Hardy Weinberg equation

Answer 16

• p^2+ 2pq + q^2 = 1

Question 17

Restriction Enzyme

Answer 17

• Molecular scissors used to cut DNA at specific sequences

Question 18

How are the chromosomes in a karyotype arranged?

Answer 18

• The chromosomes are arranged in homologous pairs from largest to smallest

Question 19

Pedigree Symbols

Answer 19

⚪️: Female Unaffected

⬛️: Male Affected

Question 20

Barr body

Answer 20

• Cells adjust to having an extra X chromosome in females by turning 1 off, and it forms a dense region in the nucleus

Question 21

Trisomy - Down Syndrome

Answer 21

• 3 copies of a chromosome: chromosome 21 for down Syndrome

Question 22

Polyploid

Answer 22

• When an organism has extra sets of chromosomes

Question 23

Gene therapy

Answer 23

• Absent/faulty gene replaced by a normal working gene

Question 24

What do p + q = ?

Answer 24

P: Frequency of dominant allele
Q: Frequency of recessive allele

Question 25

What do p^2, 2pq, and q^2 = ?

Answer 25

p^2= frequency of AA
2pq= frequency of Aa
q^2= frequency of aa

Question 26

Steps for solving Hardy Weinberg Equation

Answer 26

1. Find q^2
2. Find q
3. Find p
4. Find 2pq

Question 27

What 5 things does the Hardy Weinberg Principle assume?

Answer 27

1. Large population
2. Randomly mated population
3. No emigration (leaving)
4. No immigration (coming)
5. No natural selection (mutations, natural disaster)

Question 28

A karyotype detects a ___ mutation caused by ___.

Answer 28

• A karyotype detects a chromosomal mutation caused by nondisjunction.

Question 29

Turner’s Syndrome is ___ of the ___ chromosomes; caused by ___ + ____

Answer 29

Turner’s syndrome is monosomy of the 23rd chromosome, caused by nondisjunction and a missing/ incomplete X chromosome.