Unit 8 - Weight management Flashcards
what is not considered by body mass index
body composition and distribution of weight
what is the underweight classification
below 18.5 BMI
what is the normal range BMI
18.5 to 24.9
what is the overweight classification
25
what is the preobese classification
25 to 29.9
what is the obese class I classification
30 to 34.9
what is the obese class II classification
35 to 39.9
what is the obese class III classification
equal or above 40
how does obesity affect life expectancy
it reduces it by up to 14 years
what are the two types of body fat
essential fat and risky fat
what is essential fat for
reproductive capacity
what are the two types of risky fat
visceral or subcutaneous adipose
what does risky fat depend on
sex, age, diet, and activity
during digestion, what happens to carbohydrates
they are broken down in the small intestine into glucose, a simple sugar that enters the bloodstream
what triggers the release of insulin
the presence of glucose in the bloodstream
what is the BMI calculation
weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared
what are different ways of evaluating body weight
height weight charts, hydrostatic weighing, skin fold measurements, circumference measurements, electrical impedance, and scanning methods
what determines your weight
energy balance
what are examples of energy intake
food, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and alcohol
what are examples of energy outputs
basal metabolism, thermogenesis, and physical activity
what is basal metabolic rate
the resting rate
what determines how much you eat?
hunger, appetite, and satiety
what influences hunger
more than 12 internal physiological signals
what influences appetite
sight, smell, and thought of food
what is satiety
fullness
how can you promote satiety
eating voluminous foods, mixed nutrient meals, fibre-rich foods, and eating slowly
how long does it take for your brain to realize you are full
20 minutes
what are the effects of an obesogenic environment
it promotes the overconsumption of calories
what are the different areas of the foresight model
food consumption; food production; physiology; individual physical activity; environmental physical activity; individual psychology; and social psychology
what is the food consumption aspect describe
eating too many calories increases fat storage
what is the food production aspect
high calorie, unhealthy foods are often cheap and accessible
what is the physiology aspect
hormonal imbalances, genetics, and metabolic problems affect weight
what is the individual physical activity aspect
level of PA, and ability to exercise
what is the environmental physical activity aspect
the availability of bike paths, appropriate weather etc.
what is the individual psychology aspect
depression, anxiety, and addiction can contribute to weight
what is the social psychology aspect
friends and family can affect eating patterns
what are the dangers of obesity
stroke, heart disease, cancer, type II diabetes, high blood cholesterol, psychological disorders such as depression
what is the medical definition of the ideal weight
the weight at which one’s health risk is lowest
what does crash dieting lead to
hormonal, metabolic, and psychological changes; increased appetite, fat storage, inability to maintain diet; weight gain, and weight dissatisfaction
what are the guidelines for sound weight control
sensible diet, change in eating habits, psychological modification, physical activity
what is self efficacy
belief in one’s ability to change
what is the most important aspect of physical activity for weight reduction
duration, rather than intensity
what is a eating disorder
a serious disturbance of eating patterns of behaviours, characterized by a negative body image and concerns about body weight/fat
what are common features of eating disorders
dissatisfaction with body image and weight often due to distorted thinking, perfectionist beliefs, unreasonable demands for self-control, and excessive self-criticism
what is anorexia nervosa
someone does not eat enough to maintain adequate body weight
what is anorexia nervosa associated with
distorted body image, intense fear of weight gain, and purging/over exercising
what are the risks from anorexia nervosa
amenorrhea, intolerant to cold, low BP; CV, GI, endocrine and skeletal disorders
what is bulimia nervosa
episodic binge eating followed by purging
what are the risks from bulimia nervosa
erosion of toot enamel, damage to esophagus, stomach; dehydration, disturbed salt balance; kidney, liver, heat damage; depression
what is the difference between bulimia and binge eating disorder
binge eating does not involve compensation (vomiting)
what are the treatments for anorexia
averting crisis by resorting body weight; and addressing psychological aspects of disorder
what are the treatments for bulimia and binge eating
stabilizing eating patterns; identifying and changing behaviours that led to disordered eating; and improving coping skills
what is subcutaneous fat
located just beneath the skin and represents the normal physiological buffer for excess energy intake
what is visceral fat
fat embedded within the mesentery surrounding the abdominal organs
what is ectopic fat
located on or within organs such as liver, heart, and brain
what is hydrostatic weighing
a person is submerged and weighed under water, and the body fat is calculated from their density
what is skin fold measurements
measurements are taken at several sites on the body and plugged into formulas that calculate body fat percentages
what are circumference measures used for
to measure abdominal obesity
what is electrical impedance analysis
electrodes are attached to the body and harmless electrical current is transmitted from electrode to electrode
what is body image
the collective picture of the body as seen through the mind’s eye, body image consists of perceptions, images, thoughts, attitudes and emotions
what characterizes negative body image
dissatisfaction with the body in general or some part of the body in particular
what does the female athlete triad consist of
three interrelated disorders, abnormal eating patterns, excessive exercising, followed by decreased bone density
what is body dysmorphic disorder
when body dissatisfaction becomes extreme
what is muscle dysmorphia
a disorder experienced by some bodybuilders in which they see themselves as small and out of shape despite being very muscular
what is otheroxia disorder
a disorder which involves being obsessed with healthy eating that it actually is damaging to their own health and well-being
