Unit 4 cardiovascular disease and diabetes

Question 1

what is the leading cause of death

Answer 1

cardiovascular disease

Question 2

what is the purpose of the cardiovascular system

Answer 2

to transport o2 and nutrient rich blood the the body’s cells and also removes waste

Question 3

how is energy generated

Answer 3

glucose and oxygen are used to create water, carbon dioxide, and energy

Question 4

what is the chemical equation to generate energy

Answer 4

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6H2O + 6CO2 + 38ATP

Question 5

what happens if ATP can’t be made

Answer 5

cells die

Question 6

what does the death of cells lead to

Answer 6

death of organs, which leads to shutdown of the human organism

Question 7

what provides blood to the heart muscle

Answer 7

the coronary arteries

Question 8

what can cause a heart attack

Answer 8

a blockage in the coronary arteries

Question 9

what carries blood to the heart

Answer 9

veins

Question 10

what carries blood away from the heart

Answer 10

arteries

Question 11

what are capillaries

Answer 11

beds of lungs where gas exchange occurs

Question 12

where does waste carrying oxygen poor blood enter

Answer 12

the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cavae

Question 13

where does oxygen rich blood flow

Answer 13

from the left atrium into the left ventricle, where it is pumped through the aorta into the rest of the body’s blood vessels

Question 14

what is atherosclerosis

Answer 14

a major type of CVD that begins with a small lesion in a vessel

Question 15

what can cause atherosclerosis

Answer 15

nicotine, high blood pressure, cholesterol, and free radicals

Question 16

what happens to a lesion during atherosclerosis

Answer 16

fats deposit in the lesion, smooth muscle covers it up leading to a narrowed artery

Question 17

in atherosclerosis, what replaces soft tissue

Answer 17

calcium, and mineral deposits

Question 18

what is a fatty streak

Answer 18

an early stage plaque in atherosclerosis

Question 19

what causes plaque buildup in arteries

Answer 19

damage to the endothelial cells

Question 20

what happens if a blood clot is travelling through a narrowed artery

Answer 20

it may become trapped at the site of the plaque buildup, cutting off blood supply and oxygen to tissue

Question 21

what occurs to lead to a heart attack

Answer 21

a artery is clogged, blocking nutrient and oxygen delivery to cells, leading to cell death

Question 22

what is a myocardial infarction

Answer 22

heart attack

Question 23

what are the symptoms of a heart attack

Answer 23

chest discomfort, discomfort in other areas of the upper body, sweating, nausea, lightheadedness, and shortness of breath

Question 24

what causes a stroke

Answer 24

when there is a blockage in blood flow to a region of brain tissue

Question 25

what are the two types of stroke

Answer 25

ischemic, and hemmorhagic

Question 26

what is a ischemic stroke

Answer 26

blockage that disrupts blood flow to brain

Question 27

what the two types of ischemic stroke

Answer 27

thrombotic or embolic

Question 28

what is a hemorrhagic stroke

Answer 28

a blood vessel bursting

Question 29

what are the two types of hemorrhagic stroke

Answer 29

subarachnoid hemorrhage and intracerebral hemorrhage

Question 30

what is a thromovascular accident

Answer 30

any type of stroke

Question 31

what are the symptoms of a stroke

Answer 31

face drooping, unable to raise arms, and speech being slurred

Question 32

what is bad cholesterol

Answer 32

low density lipoprotein

Question 33

why is LDL bad cholesterol

Answer 33

it moves blood to vessel walls and increases CVD risk

Question 34

what is good cholesterol

Answer 34

high density lipoprotein

Question 35

why is HDL good cholesterol

Answer 35

it promotes reabsorption of cholesterol and lower CVD risk

Question 36

what can happen if a mother smokes while pregnant

Answer 36

increases risk of miscarriage, complications, and asthma in offspring

Question 37

what is caused by hypertension

Answer 37

strain on heart and blood vessels

Question 38

what's hypertension

Answer 38

high blood pressure

Question 39

what are main consequences of high blood pressure

Answer 39

eye damage, heart attack, kidney failure, damage to artery walls, and stroke

Question 40

how does hypertension affect your eyes

Answer 40

it damages retinal blood vessels causes impaired vision and eventually blindness

Question 41

how does hypertension lead to heart attack

Answer 41

it increases cardiac workload which leads to decreases reserved capacity and enlargement of the heart muscle which leads to decreased efficiency

Question 42

how does hypertension affect kidneys

Answer 42

impairs the blood flow leading to decreased kidney function and ultimately kidney failure

Question 43

how does hypertension damage artery walls

Answer 43

the turbulent blood flow leads to rough artery walls and plaque formation

Question 44

how can hypertension lead to stroke

Answer 44

it increases the incidence of an aneurysm

Question 45

what is type 1 diabetes

Answer 45

insulin dependent

Question 46

what is type 11 diabetes

Answer 46

non insulin dependent

Question 47

how does Diabetes affect CVD risk

Answer 47

adults with untreated diabetes are more likely to suffer from heart disease or stroke

Question 48

what are the dangers of dibetes

Answer 48

CVD, stroke, kidney failure, compromised circulation to extremities, impotence, blindness and skin sores

Question 49

what is the treatment of type 1 diabetes

Answer 49

insulin injections

Question 50

what is the treatment of type 2 diabetes

Answer 50

lifestyle modifications and medication/insulin

Question 51

what are the risks factors for diabetes

Answer 51

obesity, ethnicity, physical inactivity, family history, and previous case of gestational diabetes

Question 52

what is obesity

Answer 52

a disorder of lipid metabolism

Question 53

what diseases are strongly associated with obesity

Answer 53

hypertension, lower HDL, and type 2 diabetes

Question 54

what is an angioplasty

Answer 54

a procedure where doctors enlarge an artery by using a balloon type instrument to push open the vessel and insert a stent to hold it open

Question 55

what is a coronary artery bypass

Answer 55

a surgical procedure where the blocked or narrowed coronary arteries are replaced with healthy segments of vessels from elsewhere in the body often part of a vein from the patient's leg

Question 56

how many Canadians have been diagnosed with CVD

Answer 56

2.4 million

Question 57

describe the pulmonary circulation system

Answer 57

the right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs

Question 58

describe the systemic circulation system

Answer 58

the left side of the heart pumps blood through the rest of the body

Question 59

what is systole

Answer 59

the period of the heart's contraction

Question 60

what is diastole

Answer 60

the period of relaxation

Question 61

what occurs during diastole

Answer 61

blood flows into the heart

Question 62

what occurs during systole

Answer 62

the atria contract first, pumping blood into the ventricle, then the ventricles contract, pumping blood to the lungs and the body

Question 63

what is blood pressure

Answer 63

the force exerted by blood on the walls of the blood vessels

Question 64

what controls heartbeat

Answer 64

nerve impulses

Question 65

what occurs in sinoatrial node

Answer 65

signals for a heartbeat

Question 66

do veins have thin or thick walls

Answer 66

thin

Question 67

why do arteries have thick walls

Answer 67

to enable them to expand and relax with the volume of blood

Question 68

what do arteries branch into

Answer 68

capillaries

Question 69

what do capillaries do

Answer 69

deliver oxygen and nutrient rich blood to tissues

Question 70

where do oxygen poor blood go

Answer 70

venules

Question 71

what is triglyceride

Answer 71

a type of blood fat that is obtained from food and manufactured by the body

Question 72

what contributes to elevated triglyceride levels

Answer 72

excess body fat, physical inactivity, cigarette smoking, type 2 diabetes, excess alcohol intake and very high carbohydrate diets

Question 73

what do high levels of CRP indicate

Answer 73

a substantially elevated risk of heart attack and stroke