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BPK 140 > Unit 4 cardiovascular disease and diabetes > Flashcards

Unit 4 cardiovascular disease and diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

what is the leading cause of death

A

cardiovascular disease

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2
Q

what is the purpose of the cardiovascular system

A

to transport o2 and nutrient rich blood the the body’s cells and also removes waste

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3
Q

how is energy generated

A

glucose and oxygen are used to create water, carbon dioxide, and energy

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4
Q

what is the chemical equation to generate energy

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6H2O + 6CO2 + 38ATP

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5
Q

what happens if ATP can’t be made

A

cells die

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6
Q

what does the death of cells lead to

A

death of organs, which leads to shutdown of the human organism

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7
Q

what provides blood to the heart muscle

A

the coronary arteries

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8
Q

what can cause a heart attack

A

a blockage in the coronary arteries

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9
Q

what carries blood to the heart

A

veins

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10
Q

what carries blood away from the heart

A

arteries

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11
Q

what are capillaries

A

beds of lungs where gas exchange occurs

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12
Q

where does waste carrying oxygen poor blood enter

A

the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cavae

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13
Q

where does oxygen rich blood flow

A

from the left atrium into the left ventricle, where it is pumped through the aorta into the rest of the body’s blood vessels

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14
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

a major type of CVD that begins with a small lesion in a vessel

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15
Q

what can cause atherosclerosis

A

nicotine, high blood pressure, cholesterol, and free radicals

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16
Q

what happens to a lesion during atherosclerosis

A

fats deposit in the lesion, smooth muscle covers it up leading to a narrowed artery

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17
Q

in atherosclerosis, what replaces soft tissue

A

calcium, and mineral deposits

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18
Q

what is a fatty streak

A

an early stage plaque in atherosclerosis

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19
Q

what causes plaque buildup in arteries

A

damage to the endothelial cells

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20
Q

what happens if a blood clot is travelling through a narrowed artery

A

it may become trapped at the site of the plaque buildup, cutting off blood supply and oxygen to tissue

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21
Q

what occurs to lead to a heart attack

A

a artery is clogged, blocking nutrient and oxygen delivery to cells, leading to cell death

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22
Q

what is a myocardial infarction

A

heart attack

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23
Q

what are the symptoms of a heart attack

A

chest discomfort, discomfort in other areas of the upper body, sweating, nausea, lightheadedness, and shortness of breath

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24
Q

what causes a stroke

A

when there is a blockage in blood flow to a region of brain tissue

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25
Q

what are the two types of stroke

A

ischemic, and hemmorhagic

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26
Q

what is a ischemic stroke

A

blockage that disrupts blood flow to brain

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27
Q

what the two types of ischemic stroke

A

thrombotic or embolic

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28
Q

what is a hemorrhagic stroke

A

a blood vessel bursting

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29
Q

what are the two types of hemorrhagic stroke

A

subarachnoid hemorrhage and intracerebral hemorrhage

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30
Q

what is a thromovascular accident

A

any type of stroke

31
Q

what are the symptoms of a stroke

A

face drooping, unable to raise arms, and speech being slurred

32
Q

what is bad cholesterol

A

low density lipoprotein

33
Q

why is LDL bad cholesterol

A

it moves blood to vessel walls and increases CVD risk

34
Q

what is good cholesterol

A

high density lipoprotein

35
Q

why is HDL good cholesterol

A

it promotes reabsorption of cholesterol and lower CVD risk

36
Q

what can happen if a mother smokes while pregnant

A

increases risk of miscarriage, complications, and asthma in offspring

37
Q

what is caused by hypertension

A

strain on heart and blood vessels

38
Q

what’s hypertension

A

high blood pressure

39
Q

what are main consequences of high blood pressure

A

eye damage, heart attack, kidney failure, damage to artery walls, and stroke

40
Q

how does hypertension affect your eyes

A

it damages retinal blood vessels causes impaired vision and eventually blindness

41
Q

how does hypertension lead to heart attack

A

it increases cardiac workload which leads to decreases reserved capacity and enlargement of the heart muscle which leads to decreased efficiency

42
Q

how does hypertension affect kidneys

A

impairs the blood flow leading to decreased kidney function and ultimately kidney failure

43
Q

how does hypertension damage artery walls

A

the turbulent blood flow leads to rough artery walls and plaque formation

44
Q

how can hypertension lead to stroke

A

it increases the incidence of an aneurysm

45
Q

what is type 1 diabetes

A

insulin dependent

46
Q

what is type 11 diabetes

A

non insulin dependent

47
Q

how does Diabetes affect CVD risk

A

adults with untreated diabetes are more likely to suffer from heart disease or stroke

48
Q

what are the dangers of dibetes

A

CVD, stroke, kidney failure, compromised circulation to extremities, impotence, blindness and skin sores

49
Q

what is the treatment of type 1 diabetes

A

insulin injections

50
Q

what is the treatment of type 2 diabetes

A

lifestyle modifications and medication/insulin

51
Q

what are the risks factors for diabetes

A

obesity, ethnicity, physical inactivity, family history, and previous case of gestational diabetes

52
Q

what is obesity

A

a disorder of lipid metabolism

53
Q

what diseases are strongly associated with obesity

A

hypertension, lower HDL, and type 2 diabetes

54
Q

what is an angioplasty

A

a procedure where doctors enlarge an artery by using a balloon type instrument to push open the vessel and insert a stent to hold it open

55
Q

what is a coronary artery bypass

A

a surgical procedure where the blocked or narrowed coronary arteries are replaced with healthy segments of vessels from elsewhere in the body often part of a vein from the patient’s leg

56
Q

how many Canadians have been diagnosed with CVD

A

2.4 million

57
Q

describe the pulmonary circulation system

A

the right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs

58
Q

describe the systemic circulation system

A

the left side of the heart pumps blood through the rest of the body

59
Q

what is systole

A

the period of the heart’s contraction

60
Q

what is diastole

A

the period of relaxation

61
Q

what occurs during diastole

A

blood flows into the heart

62
Q

what occurs during systole

A

the atria contract first, pumping blood into the ventricle, then the ventricles contract, pumping blood to the lungs and the body

63
Q

what is blood pressure

A

the force exerted by blood on the walls of the blood vessels

64
Q

what controls heartbeat

A

nerve impulses

65
Q

what occurs in sinoatrial node

A

signals for a heartbeat

66
Q

do veins have thin or thick walls

A

thin

67
Q

why do arteries have thick walls

A

to enable them to expand and relax with the volume of blood

68
Q

what do arteries branch into

A

capillaries

69
Q

what do capillaries do

A

deliver oxygen and nutrient rich blood to tissues

70
Q

where do oxygen poor blood go

A

venules

71
Q

what is triglyceride

A

a type of blood fat that is obtained from food and manufactured by the body

72
Q

what contributes to elevated triglyceride levels

A

excess body fat, physical inactivity, cigarette smoking, type 2 diabetes, excess alcohol intake and very high carbohydrate diets

73
Q

what do high levels of CRP indicate

A

a substantially elevated risk of heart attack and stroke

74
Q
A

BPK 140 (13 decks)

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