Unit 5 Cancer Flashcards by Bella Gushue

what is the most commonly diagnosed cancer

non-malignant melanoma

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what is non-malignant melanoma

skin cancer

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what is cancer

the abnormal uncontrolled multiplication of cells due to genetic mutations that disrupt the cell cycle

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what does abnormal uncontrolled multiplication of cells lead to

neoplasms that can spread

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what is a neoplasms

tumours

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what does it mean for a tumour to be benign

it does not spread

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what does it mean for a tumour to be malignant

it spreads and can be life threatening

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what is cancer metastasis

malignant tumour cells invade blood or lymphatic vessels and spread to distant sites and produce secondary tumours

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what causes mutations that lead to tumours

exposure to carcinogens

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what are the three causes of cancer

carcinogenic chemicals, radiation, and pathogens

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what is the main form of cancer spreading

attachment

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how do tumours damage the body

whether benign or malignant, they can block a blood vessel, compromise a nerve, or otherwise interfere with normal body function

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do blood cancers produce tumours

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describe an advanced tumours

they have a blood supply and can use up supplies of energy and nutrients meant for healthy cells

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what’s the most common cancer for females

breast cancer

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what’s the most common cancer for males

prostate

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what is the rarest form of skin cancer

malignant melanoma

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describe a carcinoma

they grow slowly, and easy to treat

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what are the risk factors of skin cancer

fair skin and hair, tendency to develop freckles and burn in the sun, family history of melanoma, and large number of moles

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what are the risk factors of breast cancer

age, genetics, and age at onset of menstruation

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if breast cancer is caught early what is the survival rate

above 80%

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how is breast cancer detected

mammograms

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when does breast cancer become dangerous

when it metastasized via lymph nodes, forming secondary tumours

what is the treatment for breast cancer

surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy

what are the risk factors for lung cancer

smoking, second hand smoke, asbestos, and pollution

what is the 5-year survival rate of lung cancer

below 20%

what is a prostate

a walnut sized gland near the bladder

what is the function of the prostate

it secretes fluid that becomes part of semen

if detected early, what is the survival rate of prostate cancer

around 95%

what are the risk factors of prostate cancer

age, obesity, physical inactivity, and history of STIs

what is a common symptom of prostate cancer

changes in urinary frequency or flow

what are the screening methods for prostate cancer

digital recta, exam, and prostate-specific antigen test

what are the treatment options for prostate cancer

surgery to remove prostate, radiation, cryotherapy, and drugs

what does colorectal cancer begin with

polyps

what is the screening for colorectal cancer

endoscopy

what are the risk factors for colorectal cancer

older age, male sex, inflammatory bowel disease and family history; obesity, smoking, alcohol abuse, red/processed meats may increase risk

what are the symptoms of colorectal cancer

change in bowel movements, pain/tenderness in abdomen, and blood in feces

where is the cervix

between the uterus and the vagina

what is the leading risk factor for cervical cancer

human papilloma virus

what causes virtually all cervical cancers

HPV

what is the screening for cervical cancer

regular PAP tests aid early detection of precancerous cells

what are the two types of HPV

high risk and low risk

what is caused by high risk HPV

cancer

what is caused by low risk HPV

plantar warts and genital warts

what does screening involve

general examinations done on apparently healthy populations to identify those who may potentially have a disease

what is a biopsy

involves removal of tissue that is suspected to be diseased for further examination

what are the main treatments of cancer

surgical removal, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, gene therapy, and hormone therapy

what is chemotherapy

the use of drugs to target and kill cancer cells

why does hair fall out during chemotherapy

the drugs affects not only cancer cells but normal body cells that tend to divide more often

what is radiation therapy

beams are focused from several directions resting in a higher dose at the tumour to kill cancer cells

what form of cancer is radiation often used for

useful for localized tumours

what is immunotherapy

stimulating the immune system with drugs

what is gene therapy

modifying the genetic material of cancer cells

what is used for gene therapy

altered viruses to deliver genetic material

what is hormone therapy used for

to block hormone receptors or lower hormone levels

what is the primary prevention for cancer

personal level, don't smoke, reduce exposure to carcinogens, and cancer smart nutrition